Encyclopedia Of Social sciences and Humanities - Table of Contents

GLOBAL SECURITY

Introduction

Cold War Approaches to Security

Post-Cold War Approaches: Re-thinking Security

Post 9/11 era: Return of the ‘global’

PHILOSOPHY AND WORLD PROBLEMS - WHAT IS GOOD? WHAT IS BAD? - THE VALUE OF ALL VALUES THROUGH TIME, PLACE AND THEORIES

The Global Crisis of Values

The Transcultural Idea: Good as Happiness and Bad as Pain

Moral Philosophy in Question

Natural Good and Evil: Beyond Fitness to Survive

Traditions as Moral Anchor in an Age of Criterionless Relativism

The Primary Axiom and The Life-Value Compass

Good and Evil Within: Opening The Terra Incognita Of The Felt Side Of Being

The Value Field of Action: Reconciling Humanity and the Beast

The Lost Social Subject: Evaluating the Rules by Which We Live

Deep Principles of Justice Grounding in Life-Value Meaning

The Unseen Global War of Rights Systems and Its Principles of Resolution

Reclaiming Rationality and Scientific Method: The Life-Coherence Principle as Global System Imperative

Human Identity and the Meaning of Life

VISIONS OF UNIVERSAL IDENTITY IN WORLD RELIGIONS: FROM LIFE-INCOHERENT TO LIFE-GROUNDED SPIRITUALITY

Understanding False Religion across History and Cultures

From Life Sacrifice for Selfish Gain to Sustainment of the Great Round

The Animating Breath of Life: The Unseen Common Ground of the Spiritual as Real

Sacrificing Self to Enable Life across Divisions: The Ancient Spiritual Vision

What Is the I that Has a Body? Rational Explanation of the Infinite Consciousness Within

Counter-Argument: How Analytic Philosophy and Science Explain Away Inner Life

From the Soul of the Upanisads to the Ecology of Universal Life Identity

Reconnecting Heaven to Earth: The Inner-Outer Infinite of Spiritual Comprehension

Re-Grounding Spirituality: From the Light-Fields to Universal Life Necessities

Redeeming the World: Bhagavad-gita and its Moral Code of Embodied Action

Spirit Infuses the Material Mould: Aurobindos Integral Yoga and Theory of Evolution

Universal Life Needs as the Lost Life-Ground of World Religion

WAYS OF UNIVERSAL LIFE: THE TAO, HUMAN HEARTEDNESS, ZEN AND JESUS

Non-Theist Religions: An Introduction

Ultimate Principles and Understanding the Tao

Challenging All Orthodoxies by the Natural Way

Good and Bad Decoded: Nourishing Function versus Selfish Desires

Testing the Limits of the Tao: The Problems of Evil and Knowledge

The Mandate of Heaven, the Confucian Moral Order, and the Mohist Heresy

Confucianism and the Golden Rule: The Inner Logic of Equality and Inequality

Between the Lines of Orthodoxy: The Unseen Radical Humanism of Mencius

The Universal Life of the Heart That Cannot Bear the Suffering of Others

The Infinite Here and Now: The Silent Zen-Buddhist Revolution and Its Limits

PHILOSOPHY, HUMAN NATURE, AND SOCIETY

The Divine Grounds of Social Hierarchy: Greek Metaphysics

Medieval Christian Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy: Aquinas

Divine Indifference and Human Power: Spinoza

Social Freedom as a Historical Project: Kant, Hegel, Marx

The Unifying Principle of Critical Social Philosophy

HUMAN NATURE FROM A LIFE-GROUNDED PERSPECTIVE

The Philosophical Development of a Life-Grounded Conception of Human Nature

The Deconstruction of Essentialist Concepts of Human Nature

Human Nature From a Life-Grounded Perspective

LIFE-BLIND LIBERALISM AND LIFE-GROUNDED DEMOCRACY

Conceptual Framework: Value Systems and Grounds of Social Morality

Property Rights versus Needs in the Development of Liberal Capitalism

What Liberal Democracy Leaves Out

The Biocidal Essence of Capitalist Globalization

Life-Grounded Democracy

ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND ITS ONTO-ETHICAL PROBLEMS: ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND CONTEMPORARY WORLD-VIEWS

Introduction

Vital Historical Background

Classical Views of Nature and Human Nature: A Hierarchy of Limits

Divine Rationality and Man in Medieval Thought: The Re-Maker Turn

Nominalism and the Transition to a Modern Conception of Nature

Nature and Human Nature in Early Modern Thought

Humanitys Modern, Creative Self-Conception

Nature as Instrument, Knowledge as Power

The Modern, Efficient Conception of Nature

Nature, Human Nature and the Techno-Scientific Enterprise

The Plasticity of Nature and Necessity of Culture: The New Ironic Reality

The Three Dogmas and the Problem of Environmental Reform

Ecological, Biological, Cultural and Social Time

Rethinking the Techno-Scientific Enterprise

HUMAN RIGHTS AND GLOBAL LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS

The Essential Ambiguity of the Idea of ‘Right’

The Development and Ethical Foundations of Human Rights

The Political Economic Foundations of Human Rights

The Antinomies of Rights

Life-Interests and Life-Value

Distinguishing Rights From Universal Life Requirements

WHAT IS THE GOOD? VALUE THEORIES EAST AND WEST

SOCIOLOGY

DEMOGRAPHY: THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Demography as a Discipline of Science

Historical Evolution of Demography and Population Theories

Demographic Data Sources and Recent Progress

The Demographic Methods

Challenges and Future Perspectives Of Demography

Concluding Remarks: Demography Will Be More Interdisciplinary

APPLIED DEMOGRAPHY: ITS BUSINESS AND PUBLIC SECTOR COMPONENTS

Introduction

Business and Public Sector Demography

Examples

Challenges and Opportunities

ARCHAEOLOGY

The History of Archaeology

The Archaeological Record

Doing Fieldwork in Archaeology

Analyzing Archaeological Data

Archaeological Interpretation

The Archaeology of Human Life Support Systems

Preserving the Past for The future

FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Conceptual Foundations

Methodological Foundations of Archaeology

THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY

The Nature of Archaeology

Writing the History of Archaeology

The Fragmentary Nature of the Archaeological Record

Foundations of Archaeological Inquiry

Foundations of Archaeology in The New World

Archaeological Dating

The New Archaeology

Post-Processual Archaeology

THEORY IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Fifty Years of Theory in Euro-American Archaeology: Historical Background

Archaeology in the Real World

Theory in Twenty-First Century Archaeology

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK

Theory

Practice

Theory Revisited: Reproducibility

Future Trends and Perspectives

DATING AND CHRONOLOGY BUILDING

Chronological Frameworks

Chronology in Archaeology

Chronology Building

Chronometric Dating Methods

CLASSIFICATION AND TYPOLOGY

Historical Background

Artifact Classifications and Types

Problems and Controversies: The "Typological Debate"

RECONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

What is Climate, Weather?

Why Climates Differ

Palaeoclimatolgy

Orbital Driven Climatic Change

Other Cause of Climatic Change

Climate Change and Human Culture

Human-Induced Environmental Change

The Future

THE ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

Historical Aspects, Foundations, Policy, and Professional Practice

Aims and Approaches of Materials Analysis in Archaeology

Future Trends and Perspectives

TEXT-AIDED ARCHAEOLOGY

Texts and material remains

Texts and historical archaeology

Culture History, Processual, and Postprocessual Archaeology

Examples of Text-Aided Archaeology

Text-Aided Prehistoric/Protohistoric Archaeology

LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY

The Concept of Landscape: Past and Present

Sites and Monuments in the Context of Landscape

The Main Fields Concerned with Understanding Landscape Archetypes

Non-Destructiveness and Future Developments in Landscape Archaeology

UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY

Aims

The Environment

Methodology, Techniques, and Equipment

Sites and Structures

Artifacts

Publications, Organizations, and Conferences

Key Issues

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Industrial Associations and Learned Societies

The Practice of IA

IA and the UNESCO World Heritage List

SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Early Historical Development: Practitioners and Their Concerns

Social Organization: Intangible but Tractable?

The Socio-Politics of Archaeology

Social Agency, Social Reproduction, and the Individual in Society

Future Directions

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF MEANING

Meaning

Topical Concerns

Theory and Method

The Meaningfulness of the Past in the Present

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Foraging

Farming

Pastoralism

Civilization

States and Empires

World-Systems

Industrialism

Global Systems

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF FORAGERS

The Rise of Hunting and Gathering

Holocene Foragers

Are Foragers Natural Conservationists?

The Nature of a Foraging Lifeway Today

Does Foraging have a Role in the Twenty-first Century?

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF FARMING SYSTEMS

Origins of Farming

The Archaeological Study of Farming

Prehistoric Farming Systems

The History of Farming Around the World

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

Defining Civilizations

The Rise of Civilizations

The Collapse of Civilizations

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MODERN WORLD

What is the Modern World?

The Strategy of Modern World Archaeology

The Archaeology of Global Migrations in the Modern World

Urban Archaeology

The Archaeology of Industrialism

The Archaeology of Climatic Change in the Modern World

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EURASIAN NOMADS

The Origin of Eurasian Nomadism

The Earliest Nomads of the Western Eurasian Steppes

The Earliest Nomads and Cattle-breeders of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes

The Earliest Nomadic Empires in Central Asia

The Earliest Nomadic States in the Siberia and Altay

The Earliest Nomadic States in the European Steppes

The Nomads of the European Steppes in the Middle Ages

The Nomads of the Golden Horde

PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL PROPERTIES OF ANCIENT WATER MANAGEMENT

Climate and Geomorphology

Societal Use of the Water Resource

Water Management Techniques

Social Costs of Water Management

A FRAMEWORK FOR ARCHAEOLOGY AND SUSTAINABILITY

The Dilemma of Sustainability

Change, Complexity, and Sustainability

Archaeological Studies in Unsustainability

Summary and Evaluation: The Maya and Cahokia Collapses

Sustainability, Archaeology, and Historical Science

WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE

Africa

Western Asia

East Asia

Europe

The Mediterranean

North America

South America

Oceania

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF AFRICA

Cultural Beginnings

Acheulean Foragers and the dispersal of Homo sp

Middle Stone Age Hunter-gatherers and the Emergence of Modern Humans

Late Pleistocene Specialized Foragers

From Foragers to Food-Producers

African Rock Art

The Advent and Spread of Metallurgy

Pathways to Complexity

ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTH AMERICA

Plant and Animal Domestication: the Evolution of Agriculture

Regional Developments

ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA

The Evolution of Cultivation

Regional Adaptations after 0CE

THE MEDITERRANEAN

Island Colonization

East Mediterranean

Western Mediterranean

Heritage Issues

ARCHAEOLOGY OF EUROPE

The Practice of Archaeology in Europe

The Pre- and Protohistory of Europe

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EAST ASIA

Earliest Humans in Eastern Asia

Two-culture Theory of the Paleolithic World

Appearance of Homo sapiens and the Late Palaeolithic Tool Kit

End of the Ice Age and Adaptation to the Changing Environment

Sedentary Foragers of the Temperate Forests

Development of Neolithic Societies in China

Rise of Civilizations and States in China

Chiefdoms and Early States of Korea and Japan in the East Asian Interaction Sphere

Social Context of Archaeology and Heritage Protection in East Asia

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTERN ASIA

Earliest Human Movements and Lifeways in Western Asia

The Neolithic in Western Asia

The Bronze Age

The Empires of Anatolia and the Near East

The Empires of Central and South Asia

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF OCEANIA

History of Research

Melanesia

Micronesia

Polynesia

PRESERVING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS

Historical Introduction

Protection of Archaeological Sites and Monuments in 2000

Threats to the Archaeological Heritage

The Future of the Archaeological Heritage

THE ROLE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES IN PRESERVING CULTURAL MEMORIALS

Heritage, Nationalism, and the Beginnings of Archaeological Societies

Archaeological Organizations at the Global Level

Recent Changes and Current Objectives

THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS

The Role of Museums

Categories of Archaeological Museum

The Museum’s Place in Preservation Philosophy

The Role of Museums in Preserving Sites in situ

The Role of the Museum in ex situ Preservation

The Role of Archaeological Museums in Public Education and Involvement

The Future

PRESERVATION LAWS AND POLICIES

Introduction: Environmental Assessment, Sustainable Development, and Historic Preservation Laws

Terminology

The Evolution of Historic Preservation Laws

When is it "Appropriate" to Consider Impacts on Historic Properties?

Managing Historic Properties Subject to Effect

High-Profile Site Management and National Laws

International Standards and National Laws

Beyond National Law

Historic Preservation in Sustainable Development: A Basic Approach

RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGY

Definition of the Concept

Prerequisites for Rescue Archaeology

The Development of Rescue Archaeology

Concepts and Values Used in Rescue Archaeology

Rescue Archaeology versus Academic ArchaeologyDifferences and Similarities

The Legal Framework and the Administrative Framework of Rescue ArchaeologySome Examples

The Working Process in Rescue Archaeology

Rescue Archaeology Beyond 2000

PALAEOPATHOLOGY: STUDYING THE ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND FREQUENCY OF DISEASE IN HUMAN REMAINS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Palaeopathology: The Discipline and How It Is Studied

Specific Examples of Current Research in the Field

Controversial Areas in Palaeopathology

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY: SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS

Introduction

The "Sociological Imagination": Popular Faces of Sociology

Classifications of Social Reality

‘Lay’ and Disciplinary Sociologies

The Nature and Scope of Sociology

Types of Tradition and Their Roles

Pre-disciplinary Traditions of Social Theory

‘Mainstream’ National traditions of Sociology

Contemporary Sociological Traditions

Non-theoretical Sociological Traditions

Non-Western Traditions and Non-Western Sociologies

Integration of Traditions

The Dynamics of Traditions: A Sociology of Sociology/ical Change

Conclusions

PSYCHOLOGY

The Birth of Psychology: Precursors

Wundt and Structuralist Psychology

Structuralism in the United States

The Würzburg School

Functionalism

Behaviorism

The Gestalt Movement

Cognitivism

The Russian Cultural School

Dynamic Psychology

Psychology Seen Through Its Methodological Approaches

Cognitive Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Clinical Psychology

Health Psychology

Educational and School Psychology

Organizational and Work Psychology

Applied Social Psychology

BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY

Historic Evolution

Classification

A Quick Overview of the Branches of Psychology

Methodology

Ethical Issues Across the Branches of Psychology

Branches of Psychology Pertinent to Sustainable Development

Relationship of Psychology to Other Disciplines

Public Policy Considerations and Future Contributions

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON ORIGINS, CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Historical Foundations of Clinical Psychology

Antecedents of Contemporary Clinical Psychology

Contemporary Clinical Psychology: 1975–2000

Clinical Psychology: The Future

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: PREVENTION OF DISEASE AND ILLNESS; MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH

The Health–Disease Continuum

Types of Diseases

The Five Pillars of Health and Disease

Emotions, Beliefs, and Behaviors

The Psychological Interplay

Some Regulatory Mechanisms

Stress and Health

The Future of Health Psychology

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Memory

High-level Cognitive Activities

Language Processing

COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY: FROM INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Psychology and Sustainable Development

Definitions of Counseling Psychology

Education, Training, Standards and Organizational Structures for Counseling Psychology

Contexts for Counseling Psychology's Global Development

Counseling Psychology's Potential Contributions to Global Sustainability

A Final Note

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Brief History

Schools of Developmental Psychology

New Developments

The Future of Developmental Psychology

EDUCATIONAL AND SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN?

School and Educational Psychology

Distance Learning

Fields of Application

Research Trends

Training of Psychologists

WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Thinking, and Thinking in Order to Believe

Knowing, and Knowing in Order to Operate

Organizing, and Organizing Oneself

Choosing, and Choosing One's Own Life

Planning, and Planning Well-Being

Well-Being, and Well-Being at Work

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Attitude

Attitude and Behavior

Attitude Change

METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

The Confluence of Issues from Different Domains

An Overview of Research Methods

Reasons for the Multiplicity of Methods

Philosophical Issues

Some Methodological Issues

Current Trends in Methodology

INTERVIEWING AND OBSERVATION

Observation

Interviewing

EXPERIMENTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY - RATIONALE, CONCEPTS, AND ISSUES

Components of the Experiment

Types of Experiments

The Utilitarian Experiment

The Theory-Corroboration Experiment

Criticisms of Experimental Psychology Revisited

QUASI-EXPERIMENTATION

Experimentation and Quasi-Experimentation

Theory of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Statistical Analysis and Quasi-Experimental Design

THE CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS AND MEASURES

Psychological Tests and Measures

Do the Items Measure Just One Latent Variable?

How Much of the Observed Variation Is True Variation and How Precisely Do the Items Measure?

Measurement Decisions

Validity Theory with an Eye Toward Measurement Practice

STATISTICS AND ITS ROLE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Descriptive Statistics

Bridging Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Effect Size and Statistical Power

ETHICAL AND LEGAL MATTERS

Psychology as a Science

Psychology as a Profession

Ethical Codes

Disciplinary Procedures

Ethical Dilemmas

Ethics and the Law

ANIMALS AS MODELS OR ANALOGS

Objections to Research in Non-Human Animals

Animal Research in the Life Sciences

Research Involving Animals Raised in Controlled Conditions

Research Involving Animals in Naturalistic Settings

Utility of the Research

Generality

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: A TOPICAL REVIEW

Definition of Social Psychology

A Structure for Topics in Social Psychology

A Review of Social Psychology Topics

Applying Social Psychology: The Legacy of Social Psychology

THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY

A Brief History of the Person-Situation Debate

The Modern Trait Perspective

The Cognitive Perspective

The Motivational Perspective

Future Research Directions

SOCIAL INFLUENCE

The Forms of Social Influence

Social Influence Mechanisms and Techniques

Attitudes and Attitude Change

THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF SMALL GROUPS

Group Formation and Maintenance

The Influence of Groups on Individuals

Group Decision Making

Conflict Within Groups

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUPS

Expanding the Field: Types of Groups and Events Defining Relationships between Groups

Grapes of Wrath: Behaviors That Comprise the Relation between Groups

In the Eye of the Beholder: Intergroup Relations and Intergroup Perceptions

Improving the Relationship between Groups

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LARGE GROUPS

What are Large Groups and How Can We Study Them?

A Typology of Large Groups

Historical Approaches to Large Groups

Modern Theoretical Approaches to Large Groups

Imitation and Other Forms of Social Influence

JURIDICAL PSYCHOLOGY

The History of Juridical Psychology (with the collaboration of Antonietta Curci)

Psychological Law

Psychotherapeutic Law

PSYCHOLOGY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

Components and Patterns of Nonverbal Communication

Basic Determinants of Nonverbal Communication

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication, Goals, and Social Interaction

TENDENCIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE AND AS A TECHNOLOGY

From "Being-Mind" to "Being-Time"

Logocentrism and Deconstruction in Psychology

A Scientific and a Technological Perspective

From Human Behavior to Human Performance

Knowledge and Achievements Securely Anchored

Customer- and Citizen-Oriented

Interest in Expanding and in Restricting Entry into the Field

Confidential Reports and Publishing Papers

Long-Term and Short-Term Projects

Achieving Results from Higher Education and Training

Generalizable Theories and Specific Models

Deontological Codes and Normative Standards

Subject Matter and Career Paths

Research and Evaluation

Conventional Classroom and E-Learning

PSYCHOLOGY OF DIVERSITY

The Concept of Diversity

The Scope of the Psychology of Diversity

Two Examples of the Study of Diversity

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

How Do Migrants Adapt to a New Culture?

Individual Differences in Acculturation

Intercultural Sensibility and Competence

ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF CULTURAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS

The Cultural Dimension

The Temporal Dimension

ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

The Psychological Tradition and the Ecological Perspective

Ecological Psychology and Environmental Psychology

POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY

First Studies in Political Psychology

The Relationship between Psychology and Politics

The Institutionalization of Political Psychology

Definitions and Meanings of Political Psychology

Areas of Research in Political Psychology

CYBERPSYCHOLOGY JUST A TESTING GROUND

Cyperpsychology

Cyberculture

The Emergence of the Seventh Continent

Dipoles in Cyberspace

Cyberpsychology: A Fuzzy Domain

Cyberpsychology in Action: A New Field of Expertise

EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Part One

Part Two: What is Consciousness?

LAW

Functions and Structures of Law and its Institutions

Philosophies and Systems of Law

Areas of Specialization

The relationship Between Law, Ethics, and Justice

Researching the Law

FIELDS OF LAW SPECIALIZATION

Legal Support of Food Safety

Business and Trade Law

Copyright, Trademark and Patent Law

Criminal Law

Environmental Law

Family Law

Child Law

Immigration Law and Policy

Telecommunications Law

Tax Law

Tax Policy, Electronic Commerce, and Developing Countries

LEGAL SUPPORT OF FOOD SAFETY

Food Safety

Food and Color Additives

Dietary Supplements

BUSINESS AND TRADE LAW

Formation of Agreements for International Trading of Goods: Documentary Sale and Letter of Credit

Frustrations of Contract: Excuse, Impracticability, Impossibility, Force Majeure

The GATT, Customs Classification and Valuation, Rule of Origin

Transfer of Technology and Licensing

Direct Investment: Risk Assessment, Joint Ventures, and Privatization

Options for the Resolution of International Business Disputes

COPYRIGHT, TRADEMARK AND PATENT LAW: AN OVERVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FRAMEWORK IN THE UNITED STATES

Patents

Copyrights

Trademarks

CRIMINAL LAW: SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Substantive Criminal Law

Criminal Procedure

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE US MODEL

Sources of US Environmental Law

Major Substantive Areas of Federal Environmental Law and Regulation

Additional Environmental Legal and Regulatory Concerns

FAMILY LAW

Marriage

Children

Family Court

CHILD LAW

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

Definition of Child

Bioethical Issues

Parental Responsibility

Legitimacy

State Intervention

Tutorship / Guardianship

Foster Care

Adoption

Education, Health and Labor

Child’s Right to be Heard

Ombudsman/Commissioner for Children

IMMIGRATION LAW AND POLICY

Nationality

Voluntary Permanent Migration

Voluntary Temporary Migration

Forced Migration

Expulsion

The Undocumented

Current Views

TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW: THE UNITED STATES MODEL FOR ECONOMIC REGULATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROVIDERS

Regulation versus Competition in Telecommunications Markets

Regulating the Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Regulation of Wire Based Telecommunications Common Carriers

TAX LAW

The Purpose of Tax Laws

Types of Taxes

TAX POLICY, ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The Taxation of International Business Profits

The Changing Business Environment under E-Commerce

The Policy Response

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Conceptions of Politics

Studying Politics

Political Entities

FORMS AND MODELS OF GOVERNMENT

The Political Categories of Plato and Aristotle

Goal-oriented and Process-oriented Models of Politics

Liberalism and Modernity

The Essays in this Section

DEMOCRACY

Introduction: The Term "Democracy" Abused

The Athenian Democracy

Democracy up to the End of the Eighteenth Century

Democracy in the Nineteenth Century

Democracy in the Twentieth Century

CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT

What is Constitutional Government?

Constitutional Features Across the World

State Format and Executive Powers

The Role of Assemblies and the Judiciary

Constitutional Government: Who Rules and Who Benefits?

AUTHORITARIAN SYSTEM

Totalitarian and Authoritarian Political Structures

Authoritarianism and Sovereignty

Force, Power and Authority

The European Experience in Dictatorship

Authoritarianism and the Military in Modern Asia

Authoritarianism and Society

COMMUNIST SYSTEM

Origins and Early Development

The Communist Party

Institutional Framework

The Command Economy

The Roles of Coercion, Consent, and Complicity

The Collapse of Communism

Characterizing the Communist System

MILITARY GOVERNMENT

The Coup d'etat

The Military in Government

The Return to the Barracks

Civilian Control

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNMENT

Introduction: Economic Development as Interplay of Markets and Government

The Idea of Mercantilism

Adam Smiths Moral Economy and Self-regulating Markets

Socialist Critiques of Capitalism

Governments and Markets in a Polarized Age

Recent Theories of Economic Development

From Economic Growth to Human Development

Political Science on Markets and Government

The Study of Economic Development as Moral and Political Economy

IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES IN POLITICS

From Monarchy to Modernity

Three Challenges

Contemporary Theory

Current Ideologies

LIBERALISM

Various Liberalisms

Historical Origins and Development

Liberal Responses to Criticisms against Liberalism

Contemporary Liberals and their Adversaries

Challenges against Liberalism in the Twenty-First Century

NATIONALISM

What is Nationalism?

What is a Nation?

Nationalist Movements

Nationalism and Modernity

Types of Nations and Nationalisms

Problems with Nationalism

Advantages of Nationalism

CONSERVATISM

Introduction: "Conservatism"—A Protean Word

A Brief Historical Retrospect

Common Features of Various Versions of Conservatism

Three Types of Modern Conservative Theory

ANARCHISM

The Etymological Basis of Anarchism

The Epistemological Basis of Anarchism

Anarchical Individualism

Anarchical Communalism

SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM

The Early History of Socialism and Communism

The Role of Karl Marx

The Role of Lenin

The Critique of Capitalism

Methods and Values

The Collapse of Communism

The Future of Socialism

HUMAN RIGHTS

Defining Human Rights

Historical Development of Philosophical Thinking on Human Rights

Twentieth Century Discussions of Rights

Contemporary Challenges

Constitutions and Declarations

The Implementation of Human Rights

Trends in the Discussion and Political Recognition of Rights

ECOLOGISM

The Roots of Ecologism

Ecologism and Environmentalism

The Nature of the Environment

The Casualties of Environmental Problems

Ecologism and Other Political Theories

Ecologism and Sustainability

Green Policies

Green Action

The Future of Ecologism

FEMINISM

Liberal Feminism

Socialist (Marxist) Feminism

Radical Feminism

Psychoanalytic Feminism

Postmodernist Feminism

The Future of Feminism

RELIGION AND POLITICS

The Sociology of Religion

Fundamentalism and Modernity

Fundamentalist Theology

The Social Strata of Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism’s Life Ethic

Fundamentalism and Politics

JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION: THE MAKING OF MEANING

The Evolution of Journalism and Mass Communication

Mass Media and Society

Communication and Sustainable Development: Looking to the Future

EVOLUTION OF MASS COMMUNICATION: MASS COMMUNICATION AND SUSTAINABLE FUTURES

Theory of Transitions

Communication for Development: Praxis for Sustainability

Routes to Sustainability: Another Development

Public Awareness, Social Marketing, Entertainment-Education and Advocacy

Lessons Learned

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATIONS

Books

Newspapers

Magazines

Radio

Television

Newer Media

MOVING SUSTAINABILITY ONTO THE MEDIA AGENDA

Media Coverage of Sustainability

Case Study: Effect of the President’s Council on Sustainable Development

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA NETWORKS

Development of International Communication

Networks Using News Agencies/Wire Services

Non-Alignment Movement Creates Different Networks

Broadcast Networks

Problems Encountered

Future of International Communication

TRADITIONAL AND MODERN MEDIA

Introduction: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Media

Storytelling as the Core of Traditional and Modern Media

The Evolution of Puppetry as an Entertainment Medium

Potential for Entertainment Education

Technology Innovations in Traditional and Modern Media

Concern over Technological Developments

Defining Moments in Traditional and Modern Media History

POPULAR CULTURE

Historical Genealogy

Contemporary Issues

IDENTITY FORMATION AND DIFFERENCE IN MASS MEDIA

Facets of Identity Development: Class, Gender and Sexuality, Race and Ethnicity, and Nationhood

Interlocking Identities

CULTURE OF CONSUMPTION

Historical and Theoretical Approaches

Re-signifying Consumption

Components of Contemporary Consumption

The Future

MEDIA GLOBALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION

Can Global Media Support Meaning and Expression in Local Lives?

Situating Contemporary Media in Socio-historical, Political, Economic, and Cultural Contexts

The Origins of Media Globalization

Basic Elements of Communication Media

Think, Act, Communicate—Locally as well as Globally

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND WORLD AFFAIRS

Communication and World Order

The Traditional Paradigm

Paradigm Shift

International Communication and Sustainable Development

THE INTERNET AS A MASS COMMUNICATION MEDIUM

From Mass Society to Mass Communication

The Emergence of the Internet

The Internet, the Information Economy, and World Society

Internet Access and Cost: From the Information Gap to the Digital Divide

Regulation and Civil Liberties in the Internet Age

The Internet and Globalization: From Economics to Culture

The Internet and Localization: From Macro- to Micro-perspectives

The Internet, Interactive Communication, and Sustainable Development: Potential and Pitfalls

Chronology of Technological Inventions Leading to the Internet

Internet Related Organizations

THE INFORMATION ECONOMY AND THE INTERNET

Transformation from Industrial to Postindustrial to Information Economies

Transformation of the Internet

Information as a Commodity and a Source of Competitive Advantage

Changes, Challenges, and Concerns

Unexpected Benefits of the Information Economy: the Environment and Sustainable Development

The Information Economy in Developing Nations

CULTURE, INSTITUTIONS, AND ORGANIZATIONS ON THE INTERNET

The Internet, Mass Communication, and Culture

Initial Technological and Cultural Aspects of the Internet

The Internet as a New Marketplace of Ideas

The Internet as a Postmodern Cultural Space

The Internet and Social Interaction

Internet Culture and Participation

INTERNET ACCESS, COST AND THE INFORMATION GAP

Hardware and Software: Primary Factors of the "Digital Divide"

Gender and Unequal Access

Contents-Related Aspects of the Information Gap

The Digital Divide: Structural Causes

Being Connected: Potential Benefits and Disadvantages

Bridging the Ravine

GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE IN THE NETWORK AGE: CAN CYBERSPACE REALLY BE REGULATED?

Governments’ Attempts to Regulate the Internet

Internet Regulation in the Middle East

Cybercommunities and the Governance of Cyberspace

The Internet and the Law

THE INTERNET AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Development and Sustainability

Informatization

History of the Internet

Rate of Adoption of the Internet

The Digital Divide

Technopolises as Perspectives on the Future

Globalization

Privatization

Informatization in India

Informatization in Singapore

The Twenty-first Century

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

The Diffusion of Interactive Media Technologies

Success and Failure in Development of Interactive Media

Characteristics of Interactive Multimedia and Digital Technologies

The Convergence of Electronics, Computers and Telecommunications

Promoting Sustainable Development in a Global Digital Economy

Defining Moments in Multimedia and Interactive Media History

UNITY OF KNOWLEDGE IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABILITY

Unity of Knowledge in the History of Ideas: Ontological and Subjective Concepts

Unity and Diversity of the Sciences and Humanities

Unity of Knowledge in Societal Problem Solving

Unity of Knowledge in Education

Sustainability

Science and Society in Sustainable Development

Transdisciplinary Research for Sustainability

Outlook

UNITY OF KNOWLEDGE AND TRANSDISCIPLINARITY: CONTEXTS OF DEFINITION, THEORY AND THE NEW DISCOURSE OF PROBLEM SOLVING

Definition

Transdisciplinarity and Sustainability

The Nature of Transdisciplinary Knowledge

The Relational Pluralism of Transdisciplinarity

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND MORAL KNOWLEDGE IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY

Technical, Moral, and Scientific Knowledge in Classical Antiquity

The Legitimacy of Technology in Ancient Myth and Philosophy

The Legitimacy of the Use of Nature

The Ancient Critics of Technology

DIFFERENTIATION OF SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Unit Divisions of Knowledge: Classificatory and Archival Functions of Disciplines

Disciplines as Production and Communication Systems

The Modern System of Scientific Disciplines

The Future of the Scientific Discipline

HOLISM IN THE SCIENCES

Holism in biology

Holism in physics

Holism in the social sciences

PHILOSOPHICAL HOLISM

Holism in epistemology and semantics

Holism in methodology

Holism in ontology

A philosophical characterization of holism

INTEGRATING KNOWLEDGE IN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Postacademic Science: A New Mode of Knowledge Production?

An Institutional Perspective on Science and the Societal Application Context

A Conceptional Observation on the Relationship between Science, Technology, and Indus

Scientific Knowledge, Technical-Industrial Innovations, and Uncertainty

Heteronomization of Science: The Reverse Side of the Scientification of Society

An Open Question

TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL COOPERATION: ORIGINS AND PARADIGMS

Science and Society—Dealing with Relevance

Natural and Social Science—Dealing with Complexity

Sustainable Development—A Common Value?

Consequences of Transdisciplinary Research and Future Perspectives

TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA: SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-NATURAL COMPLEX ECOSYSTEM AND ECOPOLIS DEVELOPMENT

Human Ecology Thinking on Sustainability in China

Understanding the Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem

Ecopolis Development: Planning Sustainable Community

Action with Nature: Pilot Studies of Ecopolis Development in China

METHODOLOGY OF TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

A typology of transdisciplinary research

The systematicity approaches

The trade and negotiate approaches

The learning approaches

Introduction

Conclusions

PROBLEM TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

The Emergence of Transdisciplinary Research for Sustainability

Process Models for Transdisciplinary Research

Problems: The Fountainhead of Science

Problem Processing in Transdisciplinary Research Processes

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND MODELING IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Systems Analysis

Modeling

METHODS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT: SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS

Sustainability: Definitions and Implications

Sustainability Theory: The Triple Bottom Line

What Are Sustainability Indicators?

The Political Context and Content of Sustainability Analysis

Aggregated Sustainability Indicators

Visualization and Communication

INCOMMENSURABILITY OF KNOWLEDGE: THEORIES AND VALUES

Incommensurability of Theories

Incommensurability of Values

MANAGEMENT OF TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Introduction: Relevance of Management Skills in Transdisciplinary Research

Managing How, What, and Who

Analyses of Empirical Examples

Future Perspectives and Challenges

EVALUATION OF TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Investigating the Significance of Transdisciplinary Research

Evaluation by a Scientific Community

Fact Finding by Meta Scientific Evaluation

Meta Scientific Explanations of Transdisciplinary Research

Evaluation by Politics

Evaluation by Communication with the Public and the Media

Participative Evaluation

Tailoring Evaluation

CULTURE, CIVILIZATION AND HUMAN SOCIETY

Basics

Cultural Histories

Memory

Time

Today in the Clothes of Yesterday

Languages and Concepts of Culture

Cultures and Civilizations

Human Societies

Powers and Everyday Life

LITERATURE AND THE FINE ARTS

Non-Written History

Myths and Literature

The Institutions

The Artists

The Contemporary of the Non-Contemporary

Changes and Transformations

Modernizations

Imagination and Cultures

Creativity and the Knowledge Society

Perspectives

FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMICS

Introduction and Overview

Macroeconomics of Demand and Supply

Partial Equilibrium: the Marshallian Approach

Productive Efficiency

General Equilibrium

Market Failure

Cournot-Nash Equilibrium

Dynamic Analysis

DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

Defining Development

The Solow–Swan Model

Pioneers and Latecomers in Historical Perspective

Growth and its Sources since 1950

Climate and Development

The Long-term Prospects

SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

Sustainable Growth: Concepts and Framework

Economic Growth Without Environmental Factors: A Basic Model

Sustainable Growth With Nonrenewable Resources

Sustainable Growth With Environmental Decay

Alternative Criteria for Intertemporal Optimality

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND GLOBAL WARMING

Global Warming

Global Warming and Economic Theory

Global Warming and Intergenerational Equity

The International Fund for Atmospheric Stabilization

Social Overhead Capital

Natural Environment as Social Overhead Capital

Optimum Provisions of Social Overhead Capital

Sustainability and the Agricultural Commons

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

Economy—Environment Relationship

Environmental Capital Base and Environmental Crisis

Population and Environment

Economic Growth and Environmental Quality

Development Process and Sustainability of Environmental Resource Base in Developing Economies: Soil, Water, Forestry, and Biodiversity

Exhaustible Resources and Sustainability of Development Process in Developing Economies

Sink Limitation

Trade and the Environment

The Concept of Sustainable Resource Use: Sustainable Accounting and Collective Action

ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

A Lake Management Problem

Uncertainty, Values, Political Considerations, Regulatory Costs

RENEWABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Four Bioeconomic Models

Special Cases: Fisheries, Forestry, and Groundwater

Impediments to Resource Management

RELIGION, CULTURE, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENT AND RELIGION IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE ROLE OF SACRIFICE IN THE XANGO OF RECIFE(BRAZIL)

Previous Literature

The Xango and the City

Rituals and Victuals

The Inputs of Reciprocity

Final Remarks

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL GOVERNANCE: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD

Sustainability and National Governance

Principles for National Governance

National Laws and Institutions

SOVEREIGNTY OVER, OWNERSHIP OF, AND ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES

Sovereignty Over Natural Resources

Ownership of Natural Resources

CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMON SPACES

Own Natural Resources

Shared Natural Resources

Common Spaces

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTION

The Decline in Biological Diversity

A Regulatory Framework for Biodiversity Conservation

PEACE CULTURE REQUIRED FOR SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Introduction: The Necessity of a New Peace Culture

Research: Facing the Challenge of Cultural Globalization

Repairing the World Through Culture and Literature

The Media: The Need and the Will to Change

Cultural Aspects of Conflicts: Conflict Resolution through Culture

Women—Allies of Peace

International Forum for The Culture of Peace (IFLAC)

Education: Telecommunications and the Arts

Future Directions

REGENERATING, RENEWING, REVIVING THE HEART OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Genesis Relived

The wounded heart

Terminating life

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

LINGUISTICS: NATURE, HISTORY, SCOPE AND BROAD APPLICATIONS

SOCIOLOGY

WORLD SYSTEM HISTORY

What is World System History?

Context, origins, and methods

Fundamental Processes

The Promise, and the Prospect

WORLD CIVILIZATION

NONVIOLENT ALTERNATIVES FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

COUNTERING WITH NONVIOLENCE THE PERVASIVE STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE OF EVERYDAY LIFE- THE CASE OF A SMALL ITALIAN TOWNSHIPS

Introduction

Background of the Project

General Rationale of this Chapter

Methodology

Theoretical Assumptions

Specific Aspects of the Project

Operational Strategies

Neotopia

The Future

Conclusion

PATHS TO SOCIAL CHANGE: CONVENTIONAL POLITICS, VIOLENCE AND NON VIOLENCE

Three Approaches to Social Change

Track Records

Participation in Social Change

Means and Ends

Suffering

Conclusion

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: SHARING KNOWLEDGES FOR PRESERVING CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Comparative Literature, an Institutional Activity

The Color of Theory

Falls, Between Myths and Histories

Falls, Ends and Prophecies between Poetics and Politics

Comparative Literature as a Natural Disposition

More Than Comparative Literature, Comparative Reading

Comparative Literature in Relevant Times

Conclusion

THE TRADITION OF COMPARISON OF ARTS

The humanistic doctrine of ut pictura poesis and the issue of the competition between the arts

Leonardo da Vinci’s Paragone

The French classicism: transforming painting into scripture

The sensualistic rhetoric, the crisis of the universal logos and of the ut pictura poesis tradition

The birth of the Aesthetic theory

The Laocoon or the critic of metaphor "literalization"

Conclusion: from romanticism to the mediatic turn

PLASTIC ARTS AND LITERATURE

Introduction

The Iconic Origins of Writing

From the Ideogram to the Alphabet

Figures of the Alphabet

From the Art of Memory to Ekphrasis

From the Era of the Manuscript to that of the Printed Book

The Return to Ideograms

Literature and Painting in China and Japan

RELATIONS BETWEEN LITERATURE AND MUSIC IN THE CONTEXT OF A GENERAL TYPOLOGY OF INTERMEDIALITY

Introduction: The Multiplicity of Musico-Literary Relations as a Typological Challenge

Extra- vs. Intracompositional Intermediality and Scher's Typology of Musico-Literary Relations

Variants of Extracompositional Intermediality and their Relevance to Word and Music Studies

Variants of Intracompositional Intermediality and their Relevance to Word and Music Studies

A General Typology of Intermediality Illustrated with Musico-Literary Examples

Beyond Typology: Perspectives of Musico-Literary Research

LITERATURE AND FILM: MODERNITY – MEDIUM – ADAPTATION

Introduction

Toward a Critical Convergence of Modern Literature and Film

Adaptation in Theory and Practice

Conclusion: No End in Sight

LITERATURE AND THE OTHER ARTS: THE POINT OF VIEW OF SEMIOTICS

Introduction: The Semiotic Framework

Poetry, Language, and Music

Aesthetics of Writing, Visual Form, and Literature

Literature and the Visual Arts

Conclusion

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE AND OTHER FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE: A GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Comparison and Knowledge

Margins of the Crisis

Comparison at the Origins of the Modern World

Comparative Literature between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

The Challenges of Positivist Comparative Literature

New Possible Worlds

LITERATURE, EXACT AND BIOPHYSICAL SCIENCES

Science and Literature: theoretical debates

Debating the claim to truth: past to present trends

Elective affinities: Literature and the sciences

Conclusion

NARRATIVE IN HISTORY / HISTORY IN NARRATIVE

Introduction: narrative and history in the allied paradigms of historicism and realism

The alliance breaks up

“Postmodern” – and its critics

Conclusion: literature and the present-day aporias

ANTHROPOLOGY, COMPARATIVE LITERATURE, ETHNIC LITERATURE AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Introduction

Anthropology as the Study of Man

Myth and Folklore–The Writing of Culture and Cultural Writing

Culture and Counter-Culture

Comparative Literature, Ethnic Literature, and the Canon

The Death of the Author and the Life of the Culture

Text as Native Informant and Anthropologist

LITERATURE AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

Introduction

Freud and Literature

Reading with Freud

Freedom of Allegiance

Final Remarks

LITERARY IMAGINATION: CRITICISM AND RESEARCH

Introduction

The Romantic Movement

Literature, Imagination and Literary Symbol: The Imagination as a Means of Highlighting or Constructing Symbols

Literature, Imagination and Image: How the Imagination is linked to the Representation of the Absent Object

Imagination, Imaginary and Anthropology

The Imaginary and Mythcriticism

Psychoanalysis

Imagination and Critical Power (The Surrealists)

Imagination and Cultural Codes

Imagination and Transgression, Imagination and Reading

LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY

Literature under the Tutelage of Philosophy

The Age of Aesthetics

The Split between Literature and Philosophy

What it Means to Think in Literature

EPISTEMOLOGICAL FRONTIER CRISS-CROSSING

The rise of disciplinary knowledge: setting epistemological frontiers

The emergence of Literary Studies: redrawing of frontiers

First challenge: the idea of Comparative Literature

Second challenge: the project of Cultural Studies

The frontier as a shared/sharing condition of identity formation

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE, CRITICISM AND MEDIA

Comparative Literature, an Institutional Activity

The Color of Theory

Falls, Between Myths and Histories

Falls, Ends and Prophecies Between Poetics and Politics

Comparative Literature as a Natural Disposition

More Than Comparative Literature, Comparative Reading

Comparative Literature in Relevant Times

LITERATURE AND MASS-MEDIA- THE SPECTACLE OF WRITING

At First Sight

The Ubiquity of Literature, or Writing, Lies and Videotapes

On Photography —Off Photography

From Opera to Soap Opera

A Museum of Mimesis: The Popular Archive

A New (Visual) Literacy

THE IMPACT OF MEDIA ON LITERATURE

Current Media Theory and Media Studies

Historical Examples

Conclusion

LITERARY JOURNALS

Ontology and History: The Beginnings of the Literary Journal

The French Avatar: Journal Des Savants

The English Models: Spectator and Tatler

Diffusion and Differentiation

The Evolution of the Literary in the 19th Century

The 20th Century Avant-Garde Finds Its Perfect Form

21st Century Literary Journals: The Brave New World of Print and Digital, or, "The Literary Journal is Dead; Long Live The Literary Journal"

CRITICISM AND MEDIA

Media, Modernism and the Social Conditions of Art: A Diagnosis by Meyer Schapiro

Towards Literary Formalism: Partisan Review

Mass Culture and its Discontents: Clement Greenberg

Critical Theory and Culture Industry

Theories of Pure Art in a Mass Society

The Autonomy of Art

Organicism in Literary Criticism

The Institution of Literary Criticism: F. R. Leavis

The Fetishism of Text: the New Criticism

Functionalism and the fallacy of Gesellschaft

The ‘Other’ American Sociology: The Loss of Individual Autonomy

The Decay of the Aura and Reproduction Technologies: Walter Benjamin

Avant-Garde as an Alternative to Modernism

The Celebration of Mass Culture: Marshall McLuhan

The Decline of Modernism

The "New Sensibility" and the Children of Marx and Coca-Cola

Postmodernism as the Cultural Logic of Advanced Capitalism

The Imperial Pretensions of Culturalism and the Devaluation of Nature

CRITICISM AND EDUCATION

Introduction: The Context of Education Today

Two Meanings of "Global Communication"

Criticism, Responsibility and Dialogue from a Semioethic Perspective

Verbal and Non-Verbal Signs in the Educational Process

Literary Writing

ALTERNATIVE FORMS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATURE

Ends and Means: Under the Empire of the Book

Past and Future Alternatives: The Forms of Sensoriality from Oral to Hypertext

The Persistence of Oral Traditions

Alternative and sub-literary: the uses of illiteracy. ‘Special interest’ Literature

‘Alternative’ as Marginal: From Counterculture to Counter-Canon

When the Books are Banned: Samizdats and other Desperate Alternatives

Blogs and the Forthcoming End of the Book Era

TRANSLATIO STUDII AND CROSS-CULTURAL MOVEMENTS OR WELTVERKEHR

Terminology and Basic Conception

The Traditional Concept of Translatio Studii

The Redefinition of Translatio Studii in the Context of Cross-Cultural Movements or Weltverkehr

THE WELTVERKEHR OR WORLD TRAFFIC OF BOOKS: MODERN ANTHOLOGIES OF WORLD POETRY

"Weltliteratur" ("World literature"). Goethe and a Programmatic Concept of Literature

Stimmen der Všlker in Liedern (Voices of the Peoples in Songs). Herder’s Collection of Poetry and Folk Songs

Constructing ‘World Poetry’ in the 20th Century I - Hans Magnus Enzensberger’s Museum (1960, 1979/80)

Constructing ‘World Poetry’ in the 20th Century II - Harald Hartung’s Luftfracht (Air Freight) (1991)

Inventing ‘World Poetry’ in the 20th Century III: Joachim Sartorius’ Atlas (1996)

Constructing ‘World Poetry’ in the 20th Century IV: Raoul Schrott’s Die Erfindung der Poesie (The Invention of Poetry) (1997)

CONTEMPORARY WELTVERKEHR OR WORLD TRAFFIC OF COMPARATIST SCHOLARS: WORLD CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ASSOSIATION (ICLA)

The Notion of Cross-Cultural Weltverkehr (World Traffic and Communication) and its Meaning for Comparative Literature

Basic Principles of the ICLA / AILC Activities

Medial Aspects of Translatio Studii and the Weltverkehr (World Traffic and Communication) of Books and Scholars: The ICLA / AILC Congress Proceedings

Geographical Aspects of Translatio Studii and the Weltverkehr (World Traffic and Communication) of Scholars: The ICLA Congress Venues

Linguistic Aspects of Translatio Studii and the Weltverkehr (World Traffic and Communication) of Scholars

Personal Aspects of Translatio Studiii and the Weltverkehr (World Traffic and Communication) of Scholars: The Multinational and Transnational Character of ICLA / AILC Members

Theoretical and Thematic Translatio Studii through the ICLA / AILC Congresses

Pedagogical Aspects of Translatio Studii and Cross-Cultural Weltverkehr

Conclusion

AFRICA AND THE WELTVERKEHR / WORLD TRAFFIC OF TONGUES, BOOKS, AND SCHOLARS

Historical Sketch of Intercultural Relations between Africa and the World

Intercultural Mediators from and for Africa

Intertextuality and Comparative Scholarship in African Literatures

The World Traffic of Writers and Scholars:Migration, Exile and Transnational Scholarship

International Recognition of African Literatures: Awards and Prizes

Book-fairs, Publishing and Circulation of African Literatures

Concluding Remarks

Introduction

LITERARY MULTILINGUALISM I: GENERAL OUTLINES AND WESTERN WORLD

Traditional Mono- and Multilingualism

Post/Modern Multilingualism

LITERARY MULTILINGUALISM II: MULTILINGUALISM IN INDIA

Indian Multilingualism

Indian Bilingualism

Bilingual Texts in India

Conclusion

ETHNOLOGY, ETHNOGRAPHY AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

NATURE, OBJECTS, AND SCOPE OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Introduction

What is Cultural Anthropology?

The Objects of Investigation and the Scope of Cultural Anthropology

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: METHODOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES

Introduction: Power-Knowledge

Ethics

"The Field"

Fieldwork

Interviewing

The Past: Traces

Transformation

A HISTORY OF THEORY IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY PRIOR TO 1980

Introduction: The Origins of a Discipline

Nineteenth Century: Evolutionist and Diffusionist Perspectives

Early 20th Century: Collectivist Paradigms

Multiple Models in the Post-war Period: 1945 to 1985

Post 1980 Developments

A HISTORY OF RACE IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES

Introduction

The Degeneration Theory of Race from Ancient Times to Darwin

The Pre-Adamite/Polygenic Theory from the Sixteenth Century to Darwin

The Debunking of Lamarck and the beginnings of Eugenics

Eugenics Raises its Ugly Head

The Eugenics Movement in the United States

Antidote to Race and Racism

Conclusions and Perspective

SOCIETY: A KEY CONCEPT IN ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction: Semantic Ambiguities of the Concept of Anthropology

Pioneers of Social Anthropology: Evolutionism and Society

The Idea of Society in British Anthropology: Functionalism

The French School: Structuralism

From Structuralism to Post-Structuralism and Their Influence on Agency Theory

Against Stability: Dynamic Anthropology

Diffusionism, Historicism and Relativism in Franz Boas: Culture as the Expression of Society in American Anthropology

Beyond seemingly Objective Facts: the Interpretive Anthropology of Clifford Geertz

Postmodern Anthropology: The Advent of Methodological Individualism and the Omission of Society

Conclusion

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE

Introduction

Language, Discourse, Contexts: Ethnography and Semiotics

Communities and Belonging

Social Exclusions and Linguistic Ideologies

Endangered Languages and Language Rights

Reckoning the Past, Envisioning the Future: Narratives, Memory, and Justice

Conclusion: Language, Discourse, and Globalization

HUMAN PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY: THE USE OF HOMININ FOSSILS AS BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC MARKERS

Introduction

Systematic Paleontology

Biostratigraphy

Conclusions

GENETICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction (Francisca Alves Cardoso and Sandra Assis)

Genetics in Living Population (Amanda Ramos and Cristina Santos

Genetics in Forensic Anthropology (Claudia Lopes Gomes and Eduardo Arroyo Prado)

Genetics in Past Human Populations’ Studies (Cláudia Lopes Gomes, Eduardo Arroyo Prado, Francisca Alves Cardoso, Sandra Assis)

Genetics in Evolutionary Human Biology – Primatology (Tânia Minhós)

Conclusions and Perspectives

THE THEUTH EFFECT- WHAT DOES CULTURE DO TO OUR BRAINS?

Introduction

Culture is Human Nature

The Goal of Cultural Cognitive Valence studies

Concluding Remarks: Why do we think that Cultural Cognitive Valence Studies are Relevant, Timely and Necessary?

APPLIED AND PRACTICING ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction

Beginnings

World War II and Its Aftermath

The Great Divide

The Great Divide

Anthropology in Development

The Growth of Practice

The Present Situation

Future Directions and Challenges

Conclusion

ETHNOSCIENCE AND MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Ethnoscience

Medical Anthropology and Ethnomedicine

Taxonomies and Componential Analysis

Prototypes and Schemas

Cultural Models and Explanatory Models

Conclusions

ECOMOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction

Classical Theoretical Debates: Substantivism, Formalism and Marxism

Peasants and development

Production

Distribution

Consumption

Globalization and flexibility

Conclusions and Perspectives

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF MUSIC: THE ROLE OF SOUNDS, STORIES, AND SONGS IN HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE

General Introduction

Social Foundations

Structure and Meaning

Poetic Processes in Language and Music

The Place of Music in Human Evolution

Conclusion and Perspectives

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Contemporary Philosophical Anthropology

Max Scheler: "The Human’s Place in the Cosmos"

Arnold Gehlen: "The Human Project of Nature"

Helmuth Plessner: "The Human’s Eccentricity"

VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY: HISTORIES AND THEORIES

What is Visual Anthropology?

Photography and Anthropology

Researching Through Photography

Film and Anthropology: The Origins

The Objectifying Approach in Ethnographic Film

Observational Film and the Subjectified Approach

The Relational Approach in Ethnographic Film

Hypermedia Ethnography

New Visions for Visual Anthropology

Conclusion

ANTHROPOLOGY INTERROGATING POWER AND POLITICS

Introduction

Studying Power and Politics with Anthropological Tools

Perspectives from Poststructuralisms

The State and Neoliberalism in Globalization

Colonialism, Empires and Imperial Formations

The Enduring Coloniality of Power, Development, and White Privilege

"Power to the People!"

Culture through the Window Power Built

Conclusion

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF LAW

Introduction

Anthropology and Law in the Nineteenth Century

The Early Twentieth Century: The First Ethnographers

The Case Method Approach in the Anthropology of Law

Legal Reasoning and Interpretation

Process in the Anthropology of Law

Language, Power, and Legal Discourse

Law and Colonialism

Law beyond Borders: International Law and Transnational Developments

General Conclusions

THE STUDY OF RELIGION IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction

A complex object of study: religion

Main methodologies

About the scientific study of religion

An overview over results and perspectives

ANTHROPOLOGY OF MEDIA

Introduction

History of media anthropology

Theory and methods in media anthropology

Media and sociocultural change

Media and global flows

Conclusion

GENDER AND SEXUALITY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF DANCE

Introduction

An Overview over the Birth of Anthropology of Dance

The Anthropological Study of Dance before The 1970s

The Established Discipline: Institutionalization and Development of Methodologies

Approaches and Methodologies for Anthropology of Dance

GENDER AND SEXUALITY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH

Introduction

Ethnography: A 20th Century Invention

The Cold War and Second-Wave Feminism

Labor and Love: Marxism in Anthropology of Gender

Coloring Sex: Voices of "difference"

Looking At The Powerful: The Subaltern Voice

Identity Politics and the Emergence of the Queer Movement

Post-structuralism in Anthropology of Science and Feminism (1990’s)

Anthropology of Gender at the Present

A problem of Theory

A Political Problem: Reconstructing Racial Gender

Conclusion

THE USE AND VALUE OF ORAL TRADITIONS IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Introduction

What are oral traditions?

About the contents of oral traditions

About the value of oral traditions

On the functions of oral traditions

The scientific study of oral traditions: a methodological perspective

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF WAR AND VIOLENCE

Introduction

Defining War and Violence

The Anthropology of War and Violence: A Brief History

The Evolution of Lethal Violence and War

Theories of War

War and Ecology

War in the Tribal Zone

Rebellion, Ethnic and Civil Wars, Genocide, and Terrorism

Violence and Cultural Meaning

The Anthropology of Peace

Conclusion

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF FOOD, DIET & NUTRITION: A SELECTIVE OVERVIEW

Introduction

The Beginnings of a New Perspective

The Contradictions of Agriculture

The General Impact of the World Economy

Food Taboos: Anthropological Insights, Limits

Globalizing Systems

Conclusions

THE PLACE AND CHALLENGES OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN OUR CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Introduction

Anthropological Engagements in Brazil and Beyond

Assembling Anthropological Knowledge

Some Polemical Concerns

Studying Up and Leveling Hierarchies

Global Cross-Currents, Role Strains, and Inclusion

Summary and Concluding Remarks