The major components of rheology discussed in this book
Estimation of Viscosity: Temperature and Pressure Dependence
The Boltzmann Superposition Principle
Derivative Models for the Relaxation Modulus
A Continuum Mechanics Description of Nonlinear Phenomena
Molecular Theories of Viscoelasticity
A Tube Model Interpretation of Nonlinear Phenomena
Stress Growth and Relaxation in Steady Shear and other Transient Shear Tests
Numerical Discretization - Generalization and a Local Scheme
The Contraction Flow Benchmark
Material Functions Expressed in Terms of Relaxation and Retardation Spectra
Determination of Discrete Spectra Using the Windowing Algorithm
Interrelations between frequency- and time-domain material functions
Mixed Uniaxial Deformation/Stress Histories
Effect of Temperature and Pressure
The Effect of Moisture and Solvents on Time-Dependent Behavior
Basic Definitions of Shear and Extensional Flows
Viscoelastic Measurements at Small Stresses/Strains
Viscoelastic Measurements At Large Stresses/Shear Rates
Stress or Strain Controlled Rheometers?
Experimental Techniques for High-pressure Rheology
High interface systems and the importance of surface rheology
The Various Strands of Research Activity in Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
Solution of Rheological Flow Problems
The Flow of Elastic Fluids in Complex Geometries -Experimental
Comparison of Theory and Experiment in Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Heat Transfer in Other Fully-developed Confined Flows
Combined Free and Forced Convection
Some Considerations on Fluid Degradation, Solvent Effects and Applications of Surfactants
Materials and Their Properties
General Rheological Behavior of Polymers
Blood as a Liquid-Like Material
Blood as a Solid-Like Material
Alternative Techniques for RBCs Elastic Behavior Evaluation
Effects of Pathologies on Blood Rheology
Examples of Progress towards a More Sustainable Practice
Biosynthetic Origin and Role of Natural Products
Extraction and Analysis of Natural Products
Future Trends of Natural Products and Bioprospecting Programs
Implication in Uses and Conservation of Biodiversity
Contributions of Ethnobotany to Modern Medicine
Challenges Facing Ethnobotany-Guided Natural Product Drug Discovery
Classes and Numbers of Secondary Metabolites (SM)
Occurrence and Properties of Major Groups of SM
Physiology of Secondary Metabolism: Biosynthesis, Transport and Storage of SM
Molecular Modes of Action of SM
Chemosystematics of Plants and Distribution Patterns of SM
Alkaloids Derived from Ornithine
Alkaloids Derived from Phenylalanine/Tyrosine
Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan
Alkaloids Derived from Miscellaneous Amino Acids
Alkaloids Derived from a Xanthine Nucleus
Secondary metabolites from Gram-negative marine bacteria
Secondary metabolites from marine Cyanobacteria
Secondary metabolites from Gram-positive marine bacteria
Secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi
Established natural product antimalarial drugs
The promise of natural products
Antitumors Agents From Terrestrial Plant Sources
Antitumor Agents Derived from Marine Sources
Antitumor Agents from Microbial Sources
Biotransformations of Terpenoids
Biotransformations of Steroids
Biotransformation of Alkaloids
Traditionally used Botanical Insecticide Products
Medicinal Chemistry Definition and the Role of Lead-Compound in Drug Discovery
Introduction: Drivers for Development
From Fossil Resources to the Needs of Human Beings
Catalytic Processes Development: The Long Journey of an Idea
Brief Presentation of the Refinery and its Products
Fuel Production from Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Petroleum Fractions
Traditional and Modern Applications of Enzymes and Biocatalysts
Advantages and Drawbacks Related to the Use of Biocatalysts in Chemistry
Classification of Enzymes used in Organic Synthesis
Enzymes Most Commonly Employed in Organic Synthesis
Biocatalysts in Enantiotransformations
Selecting and Designing Biocatalysts for Practical Applications
Immobilization of Biocatalysts
Reaction media for biocatalysis
Special Techniques for the Use of Biocatalysts
Introduction and General Aspects
Catalysts for Pollution Reduction from Mobile Sources
Nox Emission Control From Stationary Sources
Catalysts for the Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution
Role of Catalysis in Energy Sector
Problem Related to the Use of Environmental Heterogeneous Catalysis
The Role of Surface Science in Catalysis
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering Methods
Structure of organic compounds
Classification of organic compounds, the functional groups
Attractive interactions and molecular recognition
Reactivity of organic compounds
Organic compounds in the market.
Isolation, purification and analysis of organic compounds
Type(s) of Nomenclature Operations
Numbering of Some Heterocyclic Rings
Conformation and configuration
Dependence of the properties of chiral molecules on the enantiomeric composition
From molecules to living systems: complexity is obtained from simple building blocks
Nucleotides and nucleic acids: information, energy transport, catalysis
Sugars : energy, structures, modulation of proteins properties
Lipids: energy, membranes, protein targeting and signal transduction
Chemistry of natural products: a general perspective
Amino acids, peptides and proteins
Computational approaches based on classical physics: molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics
Molecular orbitals theory and its Hartree-Fock implementation
Photophysics: interaction of light with matter and photostimulated processes
Organometallic compounds of the group IA and IIA
Chemical Elements and their Discovery
The Inorganic Chemical Industry
Metal amine complexes: bonding and geometry
Metal complexes of multidentate ligands: deviations from regular geometries
Linkage isomerism: the nitro–nitrito interconversion
Multidentate ligands with more sophisticated shapes: rings and cages
The metal template synthesis of macrocycles
The metal template synthesis of catenanes
Self-assembling driven by metal centres: helicates and grids
Coordination assemblies made on PdII building blocks
Structural and physical properties of metals
Radicals and Their Role in Chemical Processes with Emphasis on Biological Systems
Electronic structure of transition metal ions
Principles of optical spectroscopy
Definition of Inorganometallic vs. Organometallic Chemistry
Chemical Classification of Solids
Properties and Technological Applications
A Classification of Inorganic Reactions
Ligand Substitution at Square-planar Complexes
Ligand Substitution at Octahedral Complexes
Ligand-field Theory for Octahedral Complexes
Ligand-field Theory for Square Planar Complexes
Ligand-field Theory for Tetrahedral Complexes
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
Chemistry of Organic Pollutants
Radioactive Compounds in Soil, Water and Atmosphere
Pollution Control Using Accelerated Biodegradation
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Aromatic Carbocyclic Compounds
Historical Development of the Ground-Level Ozone Problem
Photochemical Sources and Ozone Sinks
Diurnal Variations of Ozone in Urban Areas
Formation and Distribution of Stratospheric Ozone
Chemistry of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Introduction: Atmospheric Sulfur Distributions, Cycles, and Global Material Balances
Sources, Concentrations, and Chemistry of Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Deposition Processes
Atmospheric Residence Times, Spatial Scales, and Global Models
Chemical Transformations and Transport
Effects of nitrogen emissions on our environment
Effect of policies to reduce emissions and future perspectives
Atmospheric transport and Chemical Conversion
Chemical Behavior and Reactions in Normal and Contaminated Soils
World Distribution of Acidic and Alkaline Soils
Soil pH and pH Buffering Capacity
Soil Properties and Processes Controlling Acidity and Alkalinity
The Importance of Scale and Variability in Soil Acidification and Alkalinization Processes
The Future Need for Management of Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
Sources and occurrence of Trace Elements in Soils
Physico-chemical and biochemical processes in soils
Bioavailability in the Soil-Plant System
Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Material
Colloid and Sediment Dynamics in Surface Water Systems
Colloid Dynamics in Groundwater Systems
Hydrocarbon Contamination of Coastal and Estuarine Waters and Sediments
Petroleum Contamination of Soil, Freshwater and Groundwater
Physical Processes of Oil Degradation
Toxicity and Environmental Effects
Adsorption and Ion Exchange Processes
Reactive Sorption in In Situ Treatment Walls
Typical Radionuclides in Contaminated Groundwater and Treatment Methods
Release of Chemicals in the Environment
Predictive Methods for Fate Determining Processes
Sources and input of organic pollutants to the environment
Transport pathways within ecosystems
Spatial scales of pollutant transport pathways
Use of geochemical tracers to track contaminant pathways through ecosystems
Pesticide Usage and Distribution
General Factors of Ecotoxicology
Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Pesticides
Historical Development of Interest
The Mechanisms of Pollutant Damage to Vegetation
Experimental Methods for Investigating Air Pollutant Effects on Vegetation
Examples of the Impacts of Air Pollutants on Vegetation
The United Nations Efforts to Reduce the Impacts of Pollutants on Vegetation
Types and Properties of Organic Pollutants
Chlorohydrocarbons - Insecticides, Industrial and Waste Chemicals
Petroleum and Polycyclic Aromatic Hyrocarbons
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Containing Insecticides
Plastics – Polymers and Monomers
Organometallic Compounds with Mercury, Tin and Lead
Contamination of the Environment
Worldwide Sanitation Perspective
Wastewater Composition and Characteristics
Ultraviolet Radiation and Ozone Depletion
Landfill versus Incineration and the Introduction of "Externalities"
Centrality of Chemistry in Human Activities, Life, and Culture
The Impact of Chemistry on Technological Development
Peculiarities of Chemical Processes
Relevance of the Molecular Approach
Engineering of Industrial Processes
Advanced Materials, Nanostructures, and Mechanical Electronics
The Birth of Chemistry as a Science
Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms
The Building Up of the Periodic Table
The Dynamics of Chemical Reactions
New Synthetic Routes for Useful Products
The Understanding of Natural Processes
Evolution and Classification of Chromatography
Theoretical Principles of Quantum Control
Laboratory Realizations of Quantum Control
Internal Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Second Law of Thermodynamics
Equilibrium Conditions in Simple Systems
Graphical Representation of Equilibrium States
Stability of Thermodynamic Equilibrium States
Eulero and Gibbs–Duhem Equations
Entropy and Transformation of Heat into Work
Entropy and its Absolute Value: Third Law of Thermodynamics
Other State Functions for Equilibrium Conditions in Chemical Systems: Enthalpy and Free Energies
Relationships among State Functions
State Functions for Multicomponent Systems: Molar and Partial Molar Functions
Rules for Writing Down the Energy Balance
Energetic Properties of Chemical Reactions
Equilibrium conditions from thermodynamic laws
Microscopic behaviour of ideal gases.
Internal energy and zero point energy.
Statistical interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics.
Probability, entropy and laws of thermodynamics.
Properties of the ideal monoatomic gas.
Translational partition function.
Gibbs approach to statistical mechanics.
Transport coefficient for gaseous mixtures
Onsager’s Reciprocity Relations from the Boltzmann equation
Reaction Rate, Kinetic Equation, Catalysis
Fluid-Solid Interphase Diffusion and Reactions
Rate Law of Chemical Reactions
Material and Energy Balances of Reacting Systems
Simulation of Stationary Plug Flow Reactors
Dynamic Treatment of a Reacting System
Steady States and their Stability
Analogies with Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
Organic Synthesis based on Weak Interactions: Self-Assembly
Bio-Inspired Organic Synthesis
The synthesis of macromolecules
Metrological characteristics of methods and procedures in chemical analysis
Analytical signal: Conducting of a measurement
Errors in chemical analysis: Data treatment
Sensitivity factor, detection limit, and Dynamic range
Analysis of variance, correlation and regression analysis (a general overview)
Chemistry Basis for Zero Pollutant Effluents
Terms used in chemical communicaton
Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Chemical Defense of Microorganisms
Beyond Chemical Defense: Secondary Metabolites and Biodiversity
Phytochemical Variation in Plants
Plant secondary compounds; the determinants of diet breadth
Avoiding the effects of plant secondary compounds
Sex Pheromones as Reproductive Stimuli
Glandular Origins of Sex Pheromones
Sex Pheromones as Eclectic Natural Products
Parsimony of Sexual Pheromones
Semiochemicals influencing the behaviour of parasitoids and predators
Pesticides influencing the host-parasitoid and prey-predator populations
Classification of Chemical Signals
Detection and Decoding of Semiochemicals
Approaches to the Isolation and Identification of Semiochemicals
Why plants apparently play the losing role
How plants survive under a herbivore dominated world
Secondary metabolites and the need to communicate
The counterattack of herbivores
Plant Chemical defenses as feeding flags
Ecological role of bacterial signals
Ecological Roles of Bacterial and Algal Compounds
Biological Responses to Chemicals in the Environment
Detection and Assessment: Biomarkers
Endocrine Disruption: A Threat to Ecosystem Health?
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Xenoestrogens: Mechanism of Action
Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates
Detection and Assessment: Bioassays and Biomarkers
A Strategy for the Detection of Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates
Semiochemicals and their application in insect pest management
Semiochemicals and their application in vertebrate pest management
Parasitism: A New Approach to Studying the Biochemistry of Defenses
Natural Products with a Narrow Biological Function
When the Mechanism of Action of a Compound is More Important than its Biological Function
The Management of Vectors: a Control Tool for Vector-Borne Diseases
Process Development and Optimization
Environmental Protection and process safety
Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics
Phase Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Chemical Reacting Mixtures and Chemical Reaction Equilibrium
Non-dimensionalization of the Governing Equations: The Reynolds number
Application of the Equations of Motion: Flow in a Circular Pipe
Velocities and Fluxes of Mass Transfer
Binary Mass Transfer in Stagnant Systems and in Laminar Flow
Mass Transfer Coefficient in One Phase
Thermal-hydraulic phenomena during flow boiling in small diameter channels
An overview on the most industrialized membrane separation processes and emerging applications
Hybrid Membrane Desalination Systems
Integrated Membrane Systems in Agrofood Industry
Hybrid Membrane Operations for Wastewater Treatment
Integrated Membrane Operations in Gas Separation
Integration of Molecular Separation and Chemical/Energy Conversion
Introduction and Overview about Different Solids Fluid Separation Techniques
Fundamentals of Reactor Modeling
Heterogeneous (Multiphase, Polyphasic) Reactors
The Residence Time Distribution (RTD)
Fundamentals of Phase Contacting in Chemical Reactors
Reactor Selection and Design Issues in Multiphase Reactors
Basic Types of Multiphase Reactors and their Design Features
Backgrounds of electrochemistry
Transport and transfer phenomena in electrochemical processes
Technology of electrochemical reactors
Current distribution in electrochemical cells
Introduction. Photoreactor Design
The Rate of the Radiation Initiated Step
Radiative Transfer in Participating and Reactive Media
Emission Models for Tubular Photochemical Lamps
Classes of Problems and Computer Methods
Ordinary Differential Equation Systems
Differential-Algebraic Equation Methods
Steady State Simulation of a Chemical Process
Scope, aims and benefits of Data Reconciliation
Systematic Framework for the Manufacture of Chemical-Based Products
Identification of Product Quality Factors
Selection of Ingredients and Product Microstructure
Generation of Process Alternatives
Product and Process Evaluation
CAPE Modelling and Simulation Tools
Dynamic Process Modelling Background & Basics
Terminology Used in This Chapter
Application of safety/risk techniques
Hazard identification and safety/risk analysis techniques
Frequency/Probability Modeling Techniques
Consequence Analysis Techniques
Safety Concepts in Process Development and Plant Design
Hazard, Safety and Risk Management in Plant Design and Operation
Recycling: A Growing Field of Sustainable Development
Recycling: Targets, Priorities, Quality Control and Marketing
Expectations from Modern Chemical Engineering in the Face of Challenges
A Complementary Approach in Chemical Engineering
The Future of Chemical Engineering: Quo Vamus?
History of Sustainable Development
Principles of Sustainable Development
Definition of Process Engineering
Applications of Process Engineering
History of Process Engineering
Tools of Process Engineering In Sustainable Development
Nanotechnology in Process Engineering
New Scientific Instrumentation in Process Engineering
Role of Process Engineering in Integrated Water Resources Management
Introduction - Importance of Thermodynamic Properties
Mixture properties – Phase behaviour
Definition of Mechanochemistry
Chemistry Curricula and Degree Production
The State of Chemical Education: Emerging Trends in Undergraduate Curriculum
The Symmetry of Macroscopic Objects
The Point Group Symmetry of Molecules
Thermodynamic Treatment of Charged Phases
The Electrochemical Double Layer
The Theories of Marcus and Hush
Beyond First Order Perturbation
From Non-adiabatic to Adiabatic Reactions
Electrochemistry of Water Soluble Redox Proteins
Scope and Economic Importance of Metal Corrosion
Corrosion Cells Resulting in Non-Uniform Corrosion
Overview of Basic Semiconductor Physics
Semiconductor Electrolyte Junctions
Nanostructured Semiconductor Interfaces
Nature of the Charges Appearing on the Polymer Chains upon Doping
Mechanism of Charge Transport in CPs
Ion Transport Kinetics during Redox Processes of CPs
Functionalized Monomers and Chemical Modification of Polymer Chains
Electrochemical Processes for Water Treatment and a Cleaner Environment
Electrochemically Generated Oxidizing Agents, such as Cl2, OCl-, H2O2, O3
Disposal, Elimination, Recovery and Recycling of Inorganic Pollutants
Membrane-based Electrochemical Processes
Soil Remediation by Electrochemical Methods
Cleaner Electrical Energy and Storage from Electrochemical Power Sources
Principle of Electrochemical Investigations
The beginnings of RC&NC and the timeline of nuclear science
Nuclides and nuclei - isotopes, isobars, isotones, and isomers
Nuclear starter - concepts, quantities and units
Kinetics of radioactive decay and activation
Aftereffects of radioactive decay and nuclear reactions
Interaction of nuclear radiations with matter
Characterization of the radioactive targets and sources
Methods Based on the Absorption of Radiation
Particle-induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)
Absorption of Radiation Energy
Techniques in Radiation Chemistry, Pulsed Radiolysis
Production of Medical Radionuclides
Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry for Non-invasive Molecular Imaging
Electronic Structure and Oxidation States
Actinide chemistry in solution
Environmental Actinide Chemistry
Production and Nuclear Decay Studies of Transactinides
Classification of Radioactive Wastes
Who is Responsible for Radioactive Wastes?
Status of Nuclear Power World-wide
Nature of HLW as a Function of Time
Important Characteristics of Actinides
Separations Technologies for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Advanced Fuel Cycle Concepts and Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T)
Non-Aqueous Chemical Processing
Transmutation Devices for the Advanced Fuel Cycle
Strategies for Implementation of an Advanced Fuel Cycle
Laser induced Photo-Reactions and Photo-Fission
Laser induced heavy ion fusion
Particles and Forces - the Standard Model in a Nutshell
Characterization of the Atomic Nucleus
Isotopes of Radon and Radioactive Decays
Radiation Doses and Health Effects
Basic Processes of Radionuclide Migration through the Biosphere
Aims of Models for Radiation Protection
Formulation of a Conceptual Model for Radioprotection of the Environment
