Human interactions and water Quality in African aquatic ecosystem
Land use, nutrient inputs and modification
Interruption of water flow by dams
Watershed Activities: Eutrophication and Pollution
Urbanization and Human Settlement
Introduction of fish, others and overall fishing
Hydrology and Limnology of the Nile basin
A Limnological Feature of the Main Nile Source Lakes
Climate Change and The River Nile
Effect of Human Impacts on the River Nile
Inland Waters and the Water Cycle
Sediments and their importance
Dating: what methods of dating a sediment level do we have?
Which fossils are found most abundantly in a sediment?
A few examples of human impact on lakes
Combining descriptive and experimental palaeolimnology
Wadi El-Rayan as a Flood Water Reservoir
Wadi El-Rayan as A Drainage Water Reservoir
Fish and Fisheries of Tropical Lakes (L. Victoria and L. Tana)
Fish and Fisheries of Mid Nile (Sudan Freshwater Fish and Fisheries)
Downstream Fishes and Fisheries (Egyptian Freshwater Fisheries)
Water Quality in Major Nile Basin Fisheries and Its Impact on Fish Production
Freshwater Aquaculture in The Nile Basin
Assessment of Different Environmental Stressors on Loskop Dam, 2008-2010.
Outcome of the 2008-2010 Study on Loskop Dam
Impacts of Different Environmental Stressors on the Limnology and Users of Loskop Dam
Flora and fauna of Ichkeul Park
General Characteristics of Sfax Coast
Heavy Metal Contaminated Marine Sediments: Monitoring and Assessment
Composition of the Hydrosphere
Schematic Diagram of the Hydrological Cycle
On Man’s Activity Effects on the Hydrological Cycle
General information and classification of hydrosphere waters
Water exchange and water balance of ocean
Water exchange in the ocean-atmosphere system
General circulation of atmosphere and horizontal moisture transfer
Water exchange between reserves
Prospects for further investigations
Methodology for determination of horizontal moisture transfer components
On interpreting advective and eddy flows of moisture
Factors for water vapor flow formation
Distribution of moisture flows over the Earth
Peculiarities of atmospheric moisture transfer in polar areas
Interrelation of moisture exchange processes in the atmosphere - land system
Equation of relation between atmospheric and land surface water balances
General information about moisture circulation in the atmosphere
Typical schemes of surface and ground water interaction
Surface and groundwater interaction in areas with different natural conditions
The role of groundwater function in the water balance of the land
Groundwater interaction with seas and big lakes
The impact of human activities on surface and ground water formation
Role of individual components of the hydrosphere in the global hydrological cycle
Distribution of the Energy Balance Components
World Ocean and Continents of the Earth
Principles of hydrological regionalisation
Other methodological approaches to regionalisation of territories
On possible change in hydrological cycle components
Classification of human activity factors
Transformation of vegetation cover and the Earth’s surface
Human impact on climate by changing atmospheric characteristics
Classification of the interaction processes between sea and river water
Classification of ocean-level oscillations
Local level oscillations related to vertical movements of coastal areas
Methods for Water Balance Components Computation
Atmospheric precipitation over oceans
Instruments and Methods to estimate natural evaporation
Experimental methods for determining evaporation from land
Comparative assessment of contemporary experimental methods for determining evaporation from land
Design methods for determining evaporation from land
Comparative assessment of design Methods for computation of evaporation from land
Spatial distribution of precipitation field
Precipitation in changing climate
Basic information about precipitation
Relationship between precipitation and clouds
Dynamic factors of precipitation formation
The role of the entrainment of the ambient air into the cloud
Comparison of observations and theory
Characteristics of precipitation regime
Classification of precipitation types by annual and daily variations
Processes and Phenomena on the Watershed Surface
Processes and Phenomena in Soil or Near-Surface Rock Layer
Runoff Transformation in Runoff Elements
The Relationship of Runoff and Storage in Watershed
The Runoff Generation Problem and Experimental Hydrology
Landscape is a Runoff Producing Complex and the Intersection of Science
The Peculiarities of Runoff Generation Conditions in Various Geographical Zones
Principal classifications of river runoff formation and their space presentation
Methods for description of space runoff features and factors
New information types as a perspective for estimating space specific features of runoff formation.
GIS as a perspective system to study space specific features of runoff characteristics.
The Peculiarities of Runoff Formation in Mountain Conditions
Main hydrological and physical properties of rocks
Basic law for groundwater filtration
Methods for determining groundwater infiltration recharge
Groundwater of alluvial and lake-alluvial deposits.
Groundwater of alluvial-proluvial deposits
Groundwater of glacial deposits
Groundwater of Quaternary marine deposits.
Groundwater of Sedimentary Rocks
Snow and ice in the Nature system of the Earth
Potentialities for the glacier resource use
Interaction between glaciation and climate
Cryosphere, glaciosphere, chionosphere
Geophysical classifications of glaciers
Morphological classification of glaciers. Mountain glacierization
Regime of glaciers and energy of glacierization
Engineering-glaciology problems
Global climatic role of the snow cover
Sea ice as a part of the global glaciation
The Influence of snow and ice on climate
Definition of Hazard and Disaster
Water Management Systems: A Brief History
Conventional Sewage Treatment Techniques
Third Generation Wastewater Treatment Systems
Reassessing the Conventional Systems
Water & Wastewater Management In Future: A Preview
Advanced Treatment Technologies for the Fourth Generation Water Management
Typical Processes Used in Wastewater Treatment
Adverse and Benign Effects of EfOM
Characteristics of EfOM from BTSE
Mathematical Models for the Initial Filtration Stage
Specific Non-Membrane Biological Processes
Microbiological Characteristics of PAOs
Biochemical Aspects of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Processes
Presence of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) and their Role
Phosphorus Removal Observed in Other Processes: A Novel Process
Parameters that are Known to Control the Success of EBPR
Common Process Configurations Currently in Use
The SBR Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Physical Description of the SBR System
Components and Configuration of SBR System
Control of Biological Reactions through Operating Strategies
Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP
Operation of the Membrane System in MBR
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
Selection of Management Measures
Leather Industry - Source of Environmental Pollution
Water Quality Standards and Environmental Legislations
Current State of Aquaculture and Environment
Aquaculture Water Constituents
Waste Water Discharge Guidelines for Aquaculture
Introduction to Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
Recirculating Aquaculture System Applications
Primary Clarification - Suspended Solids Removal
Biological Filtration Efficiency
Case Studies on UASB Applications
Summary of Parameters for Treatment of Agro-Based and Animal Waste Processing
Leachate Characteristics and its Discharge Standards
Problems and Environmental Impacts of Landfill Leachate
Framework for Technology Evaluation for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Benefits of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Application of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Description of the Seawater Desalination Processes
Performance Model Description and Thermo-economic Optimization Model using the Exergy Principle
Comparison of the Energy Consumption of Desalination Processes
Economics of Desalination Processes
Available Desalination Economic Computer Models
Operational and Economic Parameters used in the Sample Calculations
Sample Desalination Plant Costing Calculations
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Energy Consumption
Heat Transfer Surface Requirement
Effects of Evaporator Temperature on Heat Transfer Area
Effects of Evaporator Type on Energy
Multieffect Vapor Compression Distillation
Comparison of Single-effect and Multieffect Vapor Compression Distillation Systems
Fundamentals of Membrane Distillation
Membranes for Membrane Distillation
Process and Equipment in Membrane Distillation
Heat Transfer Area of the Stages Condenser
Rational Basis for Energy Comparison
MSF Steam Supply to an MSF Desalting Plant from Cogeneration Turbine
General Characteristics of Membranes
History of Membrane Technology
Effect of Operating Variables on Membrane Parameters
Feed Water Pretreatment & Permeate Post-Treatment
Membrane Module Configurations
Membrane Fouling & Membrane Cleaning
Energy Requirements of Membrane Technology
Operational Performance and Design Features of Large Seawater RO Plants
CO2 Emissions for Typical RO Plants
Recent Development in Membrane Technology
Membranes and modules used in MD
Membrane Processes for Desalination: Overview
Case study I: Membrane Desalination in the Middle East
Health and Environmental Issues for Desalinated Drinking Water
Chemical Aspects of Desalinated Water
Sanitary Microbiology of Production and Distribution of Desalinated Drinking-water
Monitoring, Surveillance and Regulation
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Desalination Projects
Stratospheric Ozone and Man-induced Trends
Tropospheric Ozone and Man-induced Trends
Atmospheric Ozone and Climate Change
21th Century and Role of Ozone
Non-classical ozone applications
Uses Involving Liquid Phase Ozone
Ozone Generation Theory And Conventional Process Schematic
Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds
Fundamentals of ozone mass transfer into water and in aqueous systems
Ozonation By-products in Drinking Water Treatment
Implementation of Large Scale Ozone Plants
Combined Biological Treatment and Ozonation
Industrial Waste Water Treatment
References for Full Scale Applications
Nature of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection System (Steffen and Rice, 2008a)
Field Tests on Crops in Spain (Steffen and Rice, 2008b)
Nature of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection System (Steffen and Rice, 2008a)
Field Tests on Crops in Spain (Steffen and Rice, 2008b)
Cold Water Laundering with Ozone
The OTEX Ozone Laundering System and Process
Testing of Ozone Laundering Systems in the United Kingdom
Other Benefits of Ozone Laundering
Additional Third Party Testing and Evaluation
Investment Cost and Consumption of Utilities of an Ozone System
Which are the routes of ozone administration?
Regulatory History and Status of Ozone in Agri-Foods
Agricultural Uses for Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Food Storage Applications for Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Food Processing and Packaging Applications for Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Combinations of Ozone with Other Technologies
Clean-in-Place Sanitizing Applications of Ozone (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Ozone in the Beverage Industry (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Ozone for Air Quality Treatment in Food Production and Processing (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Ozone for Home Food Preparation, Processing and Storage (Parmenter et al., 2004)
Evolution of the hydrological cycle concept
Natural chemistry of groundwater and contamination
Groundwater characterization and management
Hydrogeological process simulation
The Storage and Flow of Groundwater
Groundwater as a Geological Agent
Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions
Rain and the Feeding of Groundwater
Interactions between Rivers and Groundwater
Exchanges between Surface Water Accumulations and Groundwater
Interactions between Glaciers, Snowy Mantle, and Groundwater
Interactions between Seawater and Groundwater
Localized Points of Exchange between Groundwater and Surface Water
Discharge of water by vegetation
Groundwater dependent ecosystems
Conceptual Model for Groundwater Flow in Mountains
Heat Transport in Mountainous Regions
Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions in Mountainous Regions
Groundwater Resources of the Mountainous Regions of British Columbia in Canada
Karst Geology and Hydrogeology
Development of Joints, Faults, and Openings in Limestones
Basic Theories on Karst Groundwater Circulation
Methods of Karst Hydrogeological Research
Coastal Aquifers in Karst Regions
Proposed Criteria for Groundwater Protection Zoning in Karst Regions
Hydrological Features of Large Plains
The Southern Hemisphere’s Largest Plain: The Argentine Pampas
The porous medium. Water reservoirs
Barenblatt’s et al. mathematical model
Warren and Root solution to Barenblatt’s equations
Determination of the Parameters of Homogeneous Behavior
Properties and structure of water
Expression of concentration units
Groundwater chemical composition
Principles and processes controlling water composition
Modeling Flow in a Three-Dimensional Domain
Modeling Two-Dimensional Flow in Aquifer Domains
Relations between Potentials on a Mass, Volume, and Weight Basis
Distribution of Potentials in the Liquid Phase for a Convex Gas - Liquid Interface
Organic Matter Transformations and Cycles of Principal Elements
Soil as Habitat for Microbial Life
Impact of Agricultural Practices on Subsurface Habitat
Principles of the Vadose Zone’s Functioning
Soil Biotic Components Affecting Attenuation
Concept of Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability
Aquifer Pollution Vulnerability in a Groundwater Protection Program
Groundwater Pollution Vulnerability in Different Climatic Conditions
Design, operation and optimisation of groundwater monitoring networks
Special scenarios and forthcoming groundwater development
Types of Groundwater Monitoring Networks
Quantitative Evaluation of Saltwater Behavior
Quality and Vulnerability of Groundwater Intended for Drinking
The concept of groundwater quality.
Contamination of subterranean waters.
Contamination classification systems.
Principal groundwater contaminant types and processes.
Role of the unsaturated zone in the behaviour of polluting agents.
Groundwater protection and prevention
Aquifer remediation technologies
The Concept of Vulnerability of Aquifers.
The Protection of Groundwater Wells.
The development of protection perimeters around wells.
Protection of Recharge and Unsaturated Zone of Aquifers.
Establishment of Systems of Prevention and Control of Groundwater Quality.
Artificial Groundwater Recharge (AGR)
Methods of Artificial Recharge
Mixed Systems of Water Recharge
Evaluation of Aquifer Recharge Area by Piezometric Map Analysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater scarcity: demand and supply side factors
Principles of Groundwater Management
Groundwater Management approaches
Introducing the Chapters in the Subject Area of Groundwater Management
What Does Sustainability Mean?
The Complex and Varied Concept of Overexploitation
Issues Relating to Groundwater Mining
The Importance of Institutional Robustness to Groundwater Management
Gisser-Sanchez's Model, Caveats and Robustness
The ownership of groundwaters.
Environmental considerations. Environmental impact assessment legislation.
Groundwaters and the European Union. International groundwaters.
Integration of Groundwater in Hydrological Planning
Brief presentation of selected issues
The Status of Climate-change Predictions and Associated Hydrologic Consequences
Climate Change and Regional Groundwater Systems
Approaches and an Example of Climate-Change Forcing in a Regional Aquifer System
A Quick Glance at Urban Hydrogeology
The Urban Hydrogeological Cycle: Quantification of Groundwater Resources
Urban Subsurface Structures and their Particular Problems
Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: The Concept
Cleaner Industrial Production Through Recycling and Reuse
Water Treatment for Drinking Water Supplies: A Reuse Strategy
Motivational Factors for Recycling/Reuse
Quality Issues of Wastewater Reuse/Recycling
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Membrane separation processes where the driving force is pressure
Membrane separation processes where the driving force is partial pressure
Membrane process where the driving force is difference in electrical potential
Wastewater Types available for Artificial Recharge Operations
Problems Associated with Artificial Recharge Operations with Wastewater
Solutions to Problems Encountered with Recharge Operations
Major Steps in a Successful AR Operation
Policy Aspects and Governmental Responsibilities
Water Availability and Consumption
Industrial Wastewater Reuse: Present Status, Trends and Issues
Waste Streams of Metal Finishing Industries
Environmental Impacts of Metal Finishing Wastes
Opportunities for Waste Minimization
Profitability of Process Modifications—a Feasibility Study in Bangkok, Thailand
Water Reclamation from Small-scale Metal Pickling Units—a Feasibility Study in Delhi, India
Surroundings for Closed Water Circuits
Overview of Membrane Filtration in the Pulp and Paper Industry
Various Aspects of Water Supply to Small and Rural Communities
Planning for Small Community Water Supply Systems
Assessment of Quantity and Quality of Water
Conventional Water Treatment Technologies
Treatment Technologies for Small Communities
Sourcing Water for Rural Community Supply
Understanding the Traditional Wisdom of Rural Communities
Removal of Specific Impurities
Need for Alternative Water Supply Systems
Rainwater-based Rural Water Supply Systems
Traditional Water Treatment Methods
Issues in Adoption of Conventional Sanitation Technologies
On-site Sanitation Technologies
On-site Technologies for Developing Countries
On-site Sanitation Technologies for Developed Countries
Problems of On-site Sanitation Systems in Cold and Temperate Climates
Factors Affecting Transmission of Diseases
Resource Recycling and Reuse The Past
The Working Field of Water Resources Management
The Process of Water Resources Management
The Organization of Water Resources Management
Estimation of the cost and value of water
Values and costs in user sectors: some illustrative estimates
Paradigm shift, water conservation and sanitation
History of waterborne sanitation
Planning and Management Issues: Some Case Studies
System Components and Planning Scales
Planning and Management Processes
Planning and Management Products
Post-Planning and Management Issues
Meeting the Planning and Management Challenges - A Summary
Classification of Decision and Planning Problems
Concepts and Terminology in Multi-criterion Decision Making
The Roles of the Decision Maker and Analyst
Possible Solution Types of Multi-criterion Decision Problems
Solution Procedures and Typology of MCA Techniques
Challenges of Planners and Managers
Characteristics of Problems to be Modeled
Challenges of Applying Models in Practice
Overview of Principal Topic Categories
Pressure Variations and Forces in Fluids at Rest
Fluid in Motion: Types of Flow
Basic Principles of Fluid Motion: Continuity, Energy, and Momentum
Groundwater Resources and their Significance
The Fundamental Equations of Fluid Flow
Brief History of Hydraulic Methods and Modeling
Contextual Framework for Hydraulic Processes and Phenomena
Philosophy and Concepts of Modeling
Calculation of Loads, Forces, and Dimensions Involved
The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations
Brief History of Hydraulic Modeling
Model CriteriaDimensional Analysis and Process Functions
Bed Load and Suspended Load Transport Measurements
Further Information Possibilities
Categories of Flow Meters and Important Definitions
Differential Pressure Meters: Principles of Operation
Chemical Flow Measuring Techniques
Flow Meters for Free Surface Flow Conditions
Indicating, Recording, Telemetry and Processing of Flow-Meter Data
Free-Surface Flow (Open-Channel Flow) Measurement
Rated Sections, Weirs and Bridge Sections
Stream Gauging by the Direct Velocity-Integration Method
Stream Gauging by Indirect Methods, Slope-Area Method, for Cases of Varying Flow
Pressure and Depth Recording of Stages of Flow or Heads over a Gauging Structure
Water Conveyance Systems: Canal Design
Water Conveyance Systems: Design of Pipelines and Other Closed Conduits
Concluding Remarks Concerning Water Conveyances
River Confinement Techniques, Devices, Secondary Effects and Maintenance
Some Examples of Flood Control Structures
Flood Monitoring and Contingency Planning Guidelines
Flood Predictions and Warning Criteria
Hydraulic Design of Dams and Control Works
Turbulence Phenomena Relating to Hydraulic Design
Hydraulic Computations as an Aid to Design
Motive Power and Electricity Supply
Quality Control and Acceptance Tests
Control Systems and Choice of Number of Pumps and Drive Units
Hydraulic Aspects of Dams and Storage Reservoirs
Design and Construction of Potable Water Storage Reservoirs
Augmenting Water Resources Through Advances Technology
Hydraulic Engineering Structures and Equipment and Applications in Various Fields of Water Supply
Hydraulic Structures, Equipment and Systems Design Procedures
Removal of Urban Litter from Waterways
Parameters of the Source of a Tsunami
Division of Tsunami Energy at a Typical Continental Shelf Edge
Solving the Tsunami Problem for Actual Geometries: Numerical Modeling
Causes of Sediment Related Problems
Sediment Accumulation in Reservoirs
Weir Installations: Basic Layout of Structures
Water Abstraction from Rivers Carrying Coarse SedimentsTirolean Weirs
Introduction: Conceptual Considerations
Design Concepts and Challenges
Important Criteria for Sustainability
Structural Considerations in the Sustainable Development of Water Resources
Factors Influencing Storage Facilities Required for Reliable Water Supply to Towns and Cities
Types of Service Reservoirs for Storage of Drinking Water at or near Ground Level
Construction Details of Service Storage Reservoirs
Characteristics of Storm Water and Sewage Effluent
Hydraulics of Drainage Networks
Design Aspects of a Sewerage System
Problems of Conventional Systems
Types of Coastal Protection Structures
Coastal Structures Design Approach
Terrestrial Hydropower Developments
Conventional Hydropower Plants
Categories of Desalination Processes
General Comments Regarding Process Considerations
General Remarks on the Technological Development of Water Desalination
Examples of State-of-the-Art Desalination
Ground Water Extraction by Means of Bored Water-wells
Storage Reservoirs and Elevated Tanks
Design of Water Delivery to Reduce Health Risks
Electrical and Telemetry Aspects
Articles on Specific Subjects in this Topic
The Principal Causes of Deterioration
Details of Results Obtained on Materials Tested: Deterioration and Preservation
Protection Against Deterioration of Materials in the Deep-Ocean Environment
Waterfront Facilities: Protection Against Physical Wave Forces and Attack
Waterfront Damage Due to Waves: Forces on Pier Decks and Runup on Shore Facilities
Forecasting Using Stochastic Models
Stream Flow, Evaporation, and Other Hydrological Data Collection Methods
The Hydraulic Engineer in the Postsymbolic Era
Fact Engines and Judgment Engines
The Change in Paradigm at the Level of the Numerical-Hydraulic Model
The Technologies of Persuasion
Groundwater Occurrence and Replenishment
Overview of Investigation of Groundwater Problems
Measurement of the Sediment Discharge of Rivers
Water Quality and Transport Processes
General View of Engineering Water Works
History of Water Resources Development and Sewerage System
Design and Construction of Dams
Multi-Dam Systems and Their Operation
Factors to be examined for selection of dam type
Rehabilitation of Foundations of Concrete and Masonry Dams
Environmental Impact Assessment of Dams and Reservoirs
Hydrologic Studies of Dams and Reservoirs
Predictions of Maximum Precipitations and Maximum Floods
Feasibility Studies for Dams and Reservoirs
Accumulation of Sediments in Reservoirs
Instrumentation and Monitoring of Dams and Reservoirs
Sustainable Sediment Management
Purpose of instrumentation and monitoring.
Instrumentation and monitoring for the assessment of dam safety
Monitoring for improvement of design procedures and practice for future dams
Description of Articles to Follow
Water Quality and Standards for Different Sectors and Use
Water Quality and Standards for Aquatic Environments
Drinking water quality standards and their development
Water quality consideration in various water uses
Ambient water quality standards
Water quality standards and their development
Categorization of Source of Chemical Constituents
Health care and emergency measures
Water quality needs for agriculture
Water quality needs for aquaculture and fisheries
Hazardous chemical management for protecting aqua ecosystem
Effects of chlorine-disinfected wastewater on the growth of Nori
Modern history of water pollution
Countermeasures for water pollution control
Present situation of water quality
Self-purification of natural water bodies
Causative materials contaminating groundwater
Metals and inorganic compounds
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)
Environmental pollution by the final disposal site leachate
Environmental standard item and detection status of the groundwater in Japan
Causative materials for contamination of surface water
Pollution for the phthalate esters caused from human activities
Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Pollution of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus
Pollution of heavy metals and inorganic compounds
Pollution of harmful organic compounds
Countermeasures against water pollution
Contamination by Hazardous Substances
Contamination by Hazardous Microorganisms
Contamination of metabolites produced by aquatic microorganisms
Contamination by industrial chemicals
Unintentionally generate substances
Naturally Occurring Substances in Bodies of Water
Inorganic Substances in Industrial Waste
Inorganic Substances in Agricultural and Domestic Waste
Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms by Biological Treatment
Sustainable development of environmental health
Health problems and their resolution
Quality standards for drinking water
Water quality consideration in various water uses
Design and operation of water treatment and sanitation facilities
Quality standards for potable water
Disinfection by-products and their safety
Development of national standards using WHODWQG
Disinfection and disinfectants
Constrains to improving water and sanitation services
Health implications of some major water development projects
Reclaimed water and health issues
Aquaculture water reuse and health
Effects on physiological function of aquatic life
Water quality for aquatic life
Effect on endocrine disrupting chemicals for reproduction in aquaculture
Historical review of human excreta handling
Objectives of sanitation services
Appropriate technology on sanitation service
Assessment of water supply and sanitation improvement throughout the world
Major problems of the sustainable development
Social aspects of water supply and sanitation
Major initiatives aiming at water supply and sanitation improvement
Health implication of water supply programs in general
Several aspects for health implication
Emergent and re-emergent waterborne diseases caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia
Watersheds as nature's boundaries for surface water supplies
Human settlements, outdoor recreation, etc.
Risk management of waterborne diseases
Lessons learn from the development of safe water supply and sanitation
Water source management and considerations
Water and wastewater treatment applications
Conjunctive use of water and safety issues
Chemical characteristics, species, and toxicity of arsenic
Sources of arsenic contamination
Human health effects of ingested arsenic
Determination of the arsenic compounds
Technologies for arsenic removal
Selection of sewage treatment method
Design criteria for the individual treatment methods
Introduction: Learning for Everyone
Education and Technology Transfer for Water Resources
Profession and Education in Water Resources
Educational Curricula for Water Resources
The Paradigm of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
Sextus Julius Frontinus, 40 103 A. D., Roman administrator and water commissioner
Leonardo da Vinci, 1452 1519, Italian philosopher, painter and inventor
Daniel Bernoulli, 1700 1782, Swiss mathematician and educator
Antoine Chezy, 1718 1798, French Civil Engineer and water expert
De Witt Clinton, 1769-1828, American statesman and entrepreneur
Edwin Chadwick, 1800 1890, English social reformer
James Leslie, 1801 1889, Scots Water Engineer
Robert Manning, 1816 1897, Irish hydraulic engineer
William Unwin, 1838 1933, English engineer and educator
Osborne Reynolds, 1842 1912, English hydraulic engineer and educator
Robert Koch, 1843-1910, German bacteriologist, water filtration innovator and educator
Hubert Engels, 1854 1945, German professor of engineering, researcher and educator in hydraulics
Robert E. Horton, 1875-1945, American engineer and hydrologist
Jean Aubert, 1894 1984, French Civil Engineer and inland navigation expert
Lon Jean Tison, 1895 1982, Belgian hydrologist and Secretary-General of IAHS
Thomas Blench, 1906 1993, Canadian Civil Engineer and river expert
Hunter Rouse, 1906 1996, American researcher and educator in hydraulic engineering
Howard Penman, 1909 1984, English soil physicist and research hydrologist
James Dooge, 1922 , Irish hydrologist, educator and politician
J. Eamonn Nash, 1927 2000, Irish hydrologist and educator
Philip Monro, 1946 - , English biologist, inventor of water purification process by osmosis
Peculiarities of Water Problems
Necessity of a Responsible Authority
The Role of Water in Human Life
Connotation of the Water Authority
Characteristic Aspects of a Catchment Area
Planning at Catchment and Regional Level
Opportunities and Duties of a Water Authority
Internal Structure of the Water Authority
Forms, Modes and Educational Systems
International Acknowledgement of Diploma
Interaction between Researchers and Training
Worldwide Needs for Safe Water
From Hydraulic Engineering to Environmental Engineering
Possible Structure of an Environmental Engineering Course
Students Reaction to the New Environmental Engineering Courses
World Water Challenges and Decision Makers
Favorable Institutional Context
Historical Evolution of Computer-based Education in Hydroscience
Web Technology for Education and Training
Web-Based Collaborative Engineering
New Education and Training Structures
Future Scenario: Education and Training in 2002 2010
Historical development of irrigation canals and water supply technologies in antiquity
Historical Phases of Water Resources Technology Transfer
Modern concepts of technologies with regard to water resources
Problems and Perspectives of Water Technology Transfer
Capacity Building in Water Resources
The Need for Capacity Building
Software Transfer Pool Systems
Scientific and Technical Publications
The Specific Outlook of Water Technology Transfer to Developing Countries
Modalities of Information Dissemination as a Process of Continuing Education
The Role of Relevant United Nations and Non-Governmental Organisations
Relations with Other Articles of this Encyclopedia
Computer Data Networks and the Internet
Online Access Information Sources and Services
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Electronic Newsletters and Journals
Computer Network Interest Groups
Relations with Other Articles of this Encyclopedia
Variations on the Theme of "Information Centers"
Activities of Information Centers: an Overview
Access to the Services Provided by Information Centers
Collection Development in Information Centers
Assessing the Impact of Scientific Journals
Organizing Access to Information in Information Centers
Applying Information and Communication Technology
Educating Users in Finding and Managing Information
Marketing, Promotion, Public Relations in Information centers
Cooperation, Networking, and Interaction among Information Centers
Future Trends in Libraries and Information Centers
Study Exchanges and Mobility. Positive Effects and Side Effects.
Development from Ancient Time to Today
Interactions of Heat and Water in Natural Phenomena
Water Quality and the Environment
Climate Change and Water Resources
Environmental Management and Water Quality and Quantity
Ecodynamics the contending forces of nature and ecosystems stability
Water resources and the consequences of human activities
Natural factors regulating water quality
Suspended solids and water quality
Water pollution caused by point source waste discharges
Non-point source water pollution
Climate Impacts on Water Supplies
Climate Change and Hydrological modeling
Climate Impacts on Water Demand
Who is Responsible for Environmental Management?
Public Participation of Stakeholders
Types of Environmental Management
Water Resources Management Degrees of Social Responsibility
International Bodies/Global Issues
Water Pollutants in rural areas
Introduction. What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable Development Concepts and Procedures
Water and Economic Development at the National Level: General Principles
Sector Use of Water and Economic Development
Water Use in Irrigated Agriculture for Economic Growth
Freshwater: Our Joint Lifeblood
Global and Regional Freshwater Resources
Emerging Global Patterns in the Provision of High Quality Water
Global Awareness of the Challenges of Providing High Quality Water
The Role of Global Governance Agencies in the Provision of High Quality Water
Increased Private Sector Involvement in the Provision of High Quality Water
The Role of Selected Global Social Movements
The Development and Expansion of International Law
Water and International Security
The Use of Internet and Technology
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources
Demographics, Water Availability and Demand
A Change in the Perception of Water
Perspectives of Global and Regional Freshwater Resources
Freshwater Quantity, Quality and Distribution Across the Globe and in Regions
Global Water Needs for the Future
Perspectives of the Global Water Balance and Regional Water Resources
The Atmosphere and the Hydrological Cycle
Causes of Global Climate Change
Different Dimensions of Climate Change
Impacts of Global Climate Change on Water Resources
The Global Water Budget and its Distribution
Impact on Freshwater Resources
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña
Impact of El Niño on the World’s Weather
El Niño’s Impact on Freshwater Resources
A Political Response on El Niño 1997: The Case of South Africa
Water as an Important Resource
Coping with Global Climate Change in the Water Sector
The need for international protocols: The tragedy of global commons
The different climate change protocols operating in the International System
Population Growth; Past, Present and Future
Distribution of the Worlds Population
Reasons for Demographic Dynamics
Historical role of water in development
Physical Properties of Water, Including its Three Phases
Surface water: oceans, interior seas, coastal zones and estuaries
Surface water: rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands
Atmospheric Circulation and Air Masses
Anthropogenic Enhancement and Global and Local Climate Change
Typification of gravitational groundwater by conditions of its occurrence
Typification of groundwater by conditions of its recharge and discharge
Typification of groundwater by intensity of subsurface water exchange
Typification of groundwater by origin
Groundwater typification by chemical composition and mineralization
Standard schemes of surface and groundwater interaction.
Surface and groundwater interaction in areas with different natural conditions.
Groundwater interaction with seas and big lakes
Impact of anthropogenic activity on surface and groundwater interconnection.
Physical Properties including the Three States of Water
Biological and Microbiological Properties
Global Variations in the Chemistry of Atmospheric Water
Geochemical formation of the World Ocean and its salt composition.
Appearance of photosynthetic organisms and a cardinal change in the oceanic geochemistry.
Modern salt composition of seawater. "Law of the basic macroion composition stability".
Seawater as the unique natural formation and the cradle of Life on the Earth.
Organic compounds and nutrients of seawater.
Chemical peculiarities of inland seas, coastal zones, and estuaries
Salinity distribution in the World Ocean.
General regularities of nutrient distribution.
Subsurface maximum and deep-water minimum of oxygen, and deep-water maximum phosphates and nitrates.
Major chemical and oceanographic areas of the World Ocean
Other physical and chemical parameters
Chemical Composition of Natural Waters.
Main Features of Biological Structure of Fresh Waters
Biological Self-purification of Water Bodies
Structural and Functional Peculiarities of Water Ecosystems
Consequences of Anthropogenic Impacts
Biological Properties of Freshwater for Life-Support Systems
Water structure and its physical characteristics.
The processes of groundwater chemical composition formation.
Groundwater biological characteristics.
Anthropogenic influence on ground water chemistry
Soil moisture transition coefficient determination methods
Biosphere Role of Soil and Ground Water from Physical Point of View
Water Equilibrium State in Soil
Approaches to the study of chemical properties of soil and ground waters
Origin and occurrence of soil and ground waters
General characterization of chemical properties of soil and ground waters
Geographical zonality of chemical properties of soil solutions and ground waters
Soil Water as a Condition for the Existence of Soil Biota
Microbiology of Lithospheric Water
Biotic Components of Water and Sustainability of the Lithosphere
Dating of the Ice Cores and Palaeoclimatic Studies in Glaciers, Ice Sheets and Ground Ice
14C-dating of air bubbles in the ice
Reconstruction of past atmospheric CO2 by ice core analysis
Comparison of isotope records of cryosphere objects
Catastrophes’ record in the ice
The transformation of snow to ice
Variations of density with depth
Distribution of temperature in glaciers and ice sheets
Temperature of a temperate glacier
Distribution of temperate glaciers
Ion migration in ice and frozen soils
Chemical physics of air clathrate hydrates in ice core
Chemistry of ice in dependence of electrical conductivity
Ionic composition in ground ice
Subpermafrost water geochemistry
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope of the ice
Origin and Evolution of River Systems
Factors Determining Evolution of the Contemporary Hydrographic Network and River Runoff Regime
Studies of River Systems and Renewable Water Resources
River Runoff: Distribution over Area and Variations in Time
Dynamics of Water Use in the World
Renewable Water Resources and Water Withdrawals
Primary stage of the occurrence of river systems
Development of rivers in the Paleozoic
Change of hydrography in the Mesozoic
Modification of river systems in the Cenozoic
Water balance change of the river basins in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic
Features of dynamics of the hydrographic network and channel deformations
Introduction: General Information about the Continent
Factors Affecting Network Development and Runoff Regime
Socio-Economic conditions. Hydrological Network. Regionalization of the Territory
Major River and Lake Systems; Streamflow Distribution and Variations
Hydrography, hydrological knowledge, river runoff, water use and water availability
Hydrography, hydrological knowledge, river runoff, water consumption and water availability.
Introduction: General Information about the Continent
Factors, Affecting a Development of the Hydrographic Network and Runoff Regime
Socio-Economic Conditions. Hydrological Network. Regionalisation of the Territory
Major River and Lakes Systems; Streamflow Distribution and Variations
Introduction: General Information about the Continent
Factors Determining a Development of the Hydrographic Network and River Runoff Regime
Socio-Economic Conditions. Hydrological Network; Regionalisation of the Territory
Major Rivers and Lakes; Streamflow Distribution and Variations
Economical characteristics. Hydrological network. Main river systems.
River runoff distribution over the territory and in time
Use of the river runoff, water availability and water consumption
History of relations between human societies and rivers
Towards sustainability of river systems
Chemical characteristics and water quality
Natural origins pathways and levels of river borne chemicals
Anthropogenic impacts on river chemistry
Spatial distribution of river quality in impacted basins: the Seine River example
Adaptation and characteristics of aquatic insects
Feeding and trophic characteristics of macroinvertebrates
Characteristics of riverine ecosystems
Geochemical Approach -Mass Balance
Biogeochemical Approach -Metabolism and the Biogeochemical Cycles
Bulk flow in Straight Channels
Initial Motion of Loose Bed Sediment
The basic laws and equations of thermodynamics
Evolution of the scientific paradigms in river ecosystem ecology
Cumulative impact on water resources
Threats for river ecosystem due to climate instability
Threats for river ecosystem due to improper river basin management
Part 1: Key biochemical processes in river systems (by F. J. Triska)
Part 2: Factors affecting biogeochemical processes in rivers (by L.W.G. Higler)
Materials and the hydrological cycle
A discontinuous transport flux
Ecological characteristics along the course of running waters
A general faunistic zonation pattern of benthos in pristine streams
Typology of ecotones of river ecosystem
Rivers as Sustainable Life Support Systems
General Supplementary Comments
The Principal Categorical Uses of Water in Rivers and Streams
The Impacts of River Water Uses
Examples of the Uniqueness of River Systems
Review of Classical River Basin Developments
The Impacts of Rivers on Humanity
Concluding Remarks Regarding the Uses and Impacts of River Water
More Detailed Aspects of River Water Uses and Impacts
River Morphology and Sediment Transport
Carrying Capacity of Lined Canals and Sediment Control
Sediment Transport of Uniform Material
Control of Bed Load at River Intakes
Rivers as Sources of Water Supply
Industrial Effluent Disposal, Agricultural Run-off and Solid Waste Removal
The Region and the River - Characteristics, Properties, Features
Water Usage in the Middle-Neckar Region - Problems and Solutions
Fresh Water Supply in the Middle-Neckar Region
Deficiencies on the Ecological Side
Striving for Sustainable River Water Use
Impacts of Consumptive Uses of Water
The Impacts of Conservative, Non-consumptive Uses
River Management and Future Water Uses
Historical Review of Domestic Water Supply
Water Supply: The Current State of Affairs
Issues Raised by Contributions Under This Theme
Insights from Contributions and Additional Issues
Fresh Water as Finite and Vulnerable Resource
The forces that shape agriculture
Characteristics of water use for food production
How much water to produce food?
The outlook of water for agriculture
Rural poverty, water and food security
The special role of groundwater
Food production and the aquatic environment
Nature of Dryland Environments
Population Growth in the Twentieth Century
Introduction: Water Pollution and Agro-Industries
Single Best Management Practices for Improved Mariculture Water Quality
The Costs & Benefits of Reduced Exchange
Costs and Benefits of Single Water Exchange Practices
Future Implications: An Integrated Approach to Best Management Practices
Conclusions and Questions around the Adoption of Best Management Practices
From Administrative to Service Delivery Organizations
Conversion of Irrigation Systems into Multi-use Water Service Systems
Transcending the Infrastructure DependencyDeterioration Trap
Defining Sustainability in Dynamic Political Economies
Challenges to Achieving Sustainable Development
Scarcity of Water Resources: An Increasing Concern
Rationale for Valuation of Water: The Need for Price Reforms
Future Directions for Sustainable Water Use in Developing Countries
Improving Water Supply and Sanitation
Domestic Use of Irrigation Water
Situation AnalysisCritical Issues to be Addressed in the Twenty-First Century
Water Quality Regulations and Standards
Sources and Types of Polluting Substances in Natural and Wastewater
Methods for Treatment of Natural Water
Processing of Wastewater Sludge
Water Quality Regulation and Standards
Standardization of water bodies
Selection of water sources and their protection
Standardization of potable water quality
Influence of water pollutants on its quality
Methods and technological layouts for water quality improvement
Classification of utilized waters and general requirements for water quality used in industry
The requirements to the quality of the purified water
Field of application of the methods for water purification
Selection of technological layout of water purification processes
Technical and economical basis of the investments for projects of water purification stations
Optimization of the complex of technological processes of water purification
The Two-Dimensional Models of Overland Flow
The Equations of One-Dimensional Channel Flow
Simplification of the St. Venant Equations
Linearization of the St. Venant Equations and Solution of Linear Equations
Kinematic Wave Equations and Their Application
Numerical Solution of the Unsteady Flow Equations
Application of Finite Elements Methods
Lumped Linear Models of Routing in the River Basin
Lumped Linear Time Invariant Models of Routing
General Approach to Determining of the Unit Impulse Response
Modeling of Hydrothermal Processes in the Dry Snow Pack
Heat and Water Transfer in Melting Snow Cover
Soil-Vegetation/snow cover- Atmosphere System (SVAS)
Energy and water exchange in SVAS
Physically based modeling of energy and water transfer in SVAS
Statistical Methods Used in Forecast
The Physical-statistical Water Balance Method
Long-Term Forecasts of the Volume of the Spring Flood
Long-Term Forecast of Maximum Water Discharges
Long-Term Forecasts of the Spring Flooding Based on Mathematical Models of Process of its Build Up
Numerical Modeling the Turbulent Structure of Flows Under Ice
Overview of water quality models for the catchment scale
Ecohydrological model SWIM – a short description
Application of Dynamic-Stochastic Models to Long-Term Runoff Forecasting
Modeling H2O and CO2 Exchange at a Leaf Scale
