Introduction: Earth as One of the Planets in the Solar System
Origin and history – The Earth Does not Stand Still
The Earth´s Internal Structure: Deep Causes of Surficial Processes
The Emergence of Life: The Life of Emergence
Biodiversity: A Geological Perspective
Climate - Dialogue between the Planet and Life
Global Cycles: Unity in Diversity of Phenomena
Future: The Wisdom to Observe, the Will to Change
Matter and Radiation in the Universe
Introduction to the Sciences of the Universe
Earth Systems in the Geologic Past
Forms of Plutonic and Subvolcanic Bodies
Landforms of Surface Volcanic Products
Classification and Characteristics of Principal Igneous Rocks
Introduction: What are Metamorphic Rocks?
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Sediments and Methods of Their Study
Depositional Processes and Sediment Types
Sedimentary Basins and Their Types and Preservation
Principals of ground water flow and solute transport
Chemical processes and changes of water chemistry along flow path
Introduction: Earth in a Dynamic Balance
Quaternary and Former Glaciations
Dynamics of Glacial and Periglacial Processes as Evidence of Global Change
Evidence of Wind Activity in the Geological Past
Dust Transporting Wind Systems
Economic Impact of Wind Action: Natural Hazards and Benefits
Hadean and Archean Eons (4.57 to 2.5 billion years ago)
Proterozoic Eon (2.5 to 0.545 billion years ago)
Phanerozoic Eon (545 million years ago to present)
Changes from the Archean to the Proterozoic: Plate Tectonics
Characteristic Lithologies of Proterozoic Age
Sediments in the Proterozoic: A Reflection of Changes in the Composition of the Crust
Orogenesis in the Proterozoic: Phanerozoic-style Plate Tectonics
Ore Deposits in the Proterozoic
End of the Proterozoic: Beginning of the Phanerozoic (Cambrian)
Evolutionary Mechanisms and Processes
Scale Dependence of Species Diversity
Factors Affecting Local Diversity
Regional Diversity and its Origins: Speciation and Extinction
Large-scale Biodiversity Patterns
Introduction: Different Biomes
The Reasons for the Differences
Stability and Dynamics of Ecosystems
Natural, Semi-Natural and Anthropogenic Biomes
Present- day Tropical Rain Forests
Geological Evidence for Tropical Rain Forests
Present-day Distribution of the Temperate Forest Biome and Conditions Determining Growth
Geological Evidence for the First Temperate Trees
Characteristic Features of Tundra, Boreal Forests and Peat Bogs at the Present-day
Development of Tundra, Boreal Forests, and Peat Bogs in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene
People and Land Use in Arid Regions
Geomorphology of Arid and Semiarid Lands
Biological Diversity in Arid Lands
Water Resources and Use in Arid and Semiarid Lands
Human Impact on Arid and Semiarid Lands
Development in Arid and Semiarid Lands: Past, Present, and Future
Introduction: Different Biomes
The Circulation of Water and Minerals
The History of Aquatic Ecosystems
Environmental Problems of Aquatic Ecosystems
Introduction to Coastal and Tidal Ecosystems
Geologic History of Coastal Ecosystems
Environmental requirements for coral reef growth
Coral reef organisms and their many roles
Origin and evolution of reef biotas
Freshwater in the Global Hydrological Cycle
Age of Freshwater Ecosystems and Evolution of their Biota
Freshwater Bodies: their Origin, Forms, and Basic Ecological Processes
Important Freshwater Ecosystems during the Late Quaternary Period
Introduction to the Element Cycles
Mass Flow of Air, Water, and Rock
Nutrients and Limiting Elements
Cycling of Radiatively Active Gases
Human Influence on Global Biogeochemical Cycles
The Earths Internal Heat Source
The Earths External Heat Sources
Interaction between Internal and External Energy Sources
The Elemental Compositions of the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere
Life’s Need for Elements—Logic of Life on Earth
Elemental Compositions of Humans, Sea Animals, and Plants
Correlation in Elemental Composition between the Environment and Humans
Geochemical Cycling of Elements and the Contribution of the Biosphere
Biogeochemical Cycling of Carbon
Biogeochemical Cycling of Oxygen
Biogeochemical Cycling of Sulfur
Biogeochemical Cycling of Nitrogen
Biogeochemical Cycling of Phosphorus
Biogeochemical Cycling of Silicon
Biogeochemical Cycling of Iron
Biogeochemical Cycling of Manganese
Biogeochemical Cycling of Copper
Biogeochemical Cycling of Zinc
Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury
Biogeochemical Cycling of Lead
Biogeochemical Cycling of Arsenic
Biogeochemical Cycling of Other Elements
A Historical Perspective on the Biogeochemical Cycling of Elements
Impact of the Human Species on the Global Cycling of Elements—General Consideration
History and foundations of the concept
The basis of environmental regulation
Case studies of regulation of biogeochemical cycles
The Sustainability Concept and Economic Thought
The Balance between Supply and Demand in the Next 100 Years
The Production and Consumption Trends of Poor Countries
The Impact of Recycled Metals on Mining Operations
Protecting the Environment Regarding the Extraction of Minerals and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
The Concept of Biocomplexity: A Holistic Approach
Improving the Quality of Life of Present and Future Generations
Mineral (non-energy) resources
Other (renewable energy) resources
Biological resources: conservation and management
Energy and Mineral Resources as Renewable Resources
Energy and Mineral Resources as Non-renewable Resources
The Structure and Function of Ecosystems and Natural Resources
Status of the World’s Natural Resources
An Optimum Population Based on the Availability of the Earth’s Natural Resources
Introduction: What is Biodiversity?
The Development and Variability of Biodiversity
Signs of Environmental Deterioration
The Impact of Modern Agriculture
The causes of the Transformation of Habitats
Is Harmonious Use of Natural Resources Possible?
Can High-input Agriculture be part of a Sustainable Rural Environment?
The Current State of Ocean Resources
International Action for Conservation
Conservation of Forests is an Essential Component of Sustainable Development
The Location, Extent, and Pace of Forest Destruction and Degradation Worldwide
The Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
The Need for Change: Applying Sustainable Development Principles to Forests
The Role of Science and Technology in Sustainable Forest Management
Plantation Forestry and Secondary Forests
Globalization of Forest Policy and Management
Institutional Governance: Managing Complex Global Forestry Networks
Agroforestry Systems and Practices
Examples of Common Agroforestry Systems
Agroforestry Species: The Multipurpose Tree
Agroforestry and Ecosystem Services
Global Climate in the past, present and future
Potential Large-Scale effects of Global Warming
Potential Effects of Global Warming on Human Society
Effects of Potential Sea-Level Rises
Cost implications of Potential Climate Change
Response Strategies for Stabilization of atmospheric composition
Policy Framework and Systems Management of Global Climate Change
History of Global Climate Change Science
Status of Global Climate Change
Climate Changes in Prehistorical Times and Before Recent Age
Climate Variation and the Second World War
The Climate and Climate System
The Formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Its Task
The First IPCC Assessment Gets Under Way
Scientific Input to the Negotiations about a Framework Convention
Impacts of Global Warming on Natural Systems in Mountains
Controls on Forest Distribution
The Ocean and Global Climatic Trends
The Problem of Indirect and Direct Effects
Global Warming, Agriculture, and Cultural Diversity
The Cultural Impacts of Human Disease Associated with Global Warming
Effects of Climate Change on Indigenous Peoples and Island Cultures
Relationships between Global Warming and Social Violence
Policy and Research Priorities, with Intervention Principles
Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields and Livestock Performance
Role of Human Response and Adaptation to Climate Change
Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Production, Prices, and Welfare
Coral Reefs in Earth’s History
Coral Ecology and Reef-Building Processes
Coastal Sensitivity to Sea-Level Rise
Assessment of the Vulnerability of Small Island States to Sea-Level Rise
Damage Cost Implications for Sectors
Damage Costs of Socioeconomic Impacts
Spreading the Costs and Benefits of Global Warming
The Costs to Industry of Damage from and Adaptation to Climate Change
The Costs to Industry of Attempts to Mitigate Climate Change
Impacts of Climate Change on Fish
Greenhouse-Gas Emissions Drivers and Baseline Scenarios
Limiting Greenhouse Gases: Emissions Drivers and Emissions Reduction
Greenhouse-Gas Mitigation Scenarios and Costs to Achieve Stabilization of Atmospheric Composition
International Policy Framework and Collaboration to Combat Climate Change
Sources of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Focus of Energy Policies
The Challenge Facing Energy Policies
Technical and Non-Technical Measures for the Reduction of Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions
National Policy Instruments for Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction from Fossil Fuel Combustion
Energy System Models and Concepts
The Effect of Energy Savings on Lifestyles and Economics
Effects of Methane Accumulation in the Atmosphere
Factors Contributing to Methane Accumulation in the Atmosphere
Mitigation of Methane Accumulation in the Atmosphere
Food Security Issues Affecting the Agriculture, Forestry and Waste Management Sectors
Emission of Nitrous Oxide from Agricultural Lands
Food Production and Fertilizer Consumption.
Fertilizer Consumption and Nitrous Oxide Production
Fertilizer Nitrogen Use Projections and Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Intensive Crop Production Systems
Refrigeration, Refrigerants, Ozone Depletion, and Global Warming
Controversial environmental issues and public decision
Principles for managing global commons
Historical perspective on climate negotiations
The IPCC’s First Assessment Report, 1990, and the 1992 Supplementary Report
The Dimensions of the Climate Change Issue
The Climate Change Decision Process
Introductory Examples and Concepts
Categories of Responses to Climate Change Risks
The Initial Allocation of Permits and Competitiveness Concerns
The "Production" of Permits: Allowance Trading and Credit Trading
Environmental Integrity and Allocative Equity
Fostering Environmental Integrity: The Administrative System
Energy taxes versus carbon taxes
Equity Principles and Burden Sharing Rules
Equity in the FCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
Proposals for Burden Sharing and Differentiation
Towards a Framework for Equity and Differentiation among Countries
The Impact of Alternative Choices of a Discount Rate
The Determinants of the Discount Factor
Adaptation and Mitigation Costs and the Linkages between Them
Basic Issues Related to Climate Change Cost Concepts
Main Issues in Adaptation Cost Assessment
The Modules of Integrated Assessment Models
Climate change, climate variability and the greenhouse effect
Observed climate variability and change
The Present Status and Future Direction of Climate Modeling
Relationship between Climate Modeling and Sustainability Science
Adaptation of Plants and Animals to Wetlands
Dynamics of Rivers and Streams and Lakes
Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems
Conservation and Policy Framework
Resistance to Increasing Nutrient Loading
Triggering Factors for the Loss of Submerged Plants
Resistance to Decreasing Nutrient Loading
How to Break the Chemical Resistance
European Watercourses—Ecological State and Pressures on the Riverine Environment
River Rehabilitation in Europe
Operation of the Kis-Balaton Reservoirs
Unified Coastal Management Framework
Coastal Zone Management Case History: Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka
Introduction: What is Biodiversity?
The Relations between Recruitment and Spawning Stock
The Spatial Context of Fish Stocks
Long-term Changes: "Regime Shifts" and "Biomass-flips"
The Barents Sea Ecosystem: Fish Stock Dynamics during the Twentieth Century
Modes of Transfer of Aquatic Species
Case Histories of Successful Introductions
Recent Activities to Reduce the Risk from Transfers and Introductions
Ancient and Medieval Concepts: the Birth of Insular Biogeography
Darwin and Wallace: the Dawn of the Modern Era
Genetics and Insular Biogeography
MacArthur and Wilson: the Equilibrium Theory of Insular Biogeography
Documenting and Testing the Equilibrium Theory
Modifying the Equilibrium Theory
General Characteristics of Oceanic Island Floras
Characteristics of Islands that Make Them Susceptible to Ecological Invasion
The Threats to Island Plants and their Communities
A Case Study: An Integrated Approach to Conservation of Pitcairn Island
How big problems are natural hazards
1998 Yangtze River floods in China
1991 Volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in Philippine
Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Island Arcs and Alaska Continental Rim
Volcanoes of the East Pacific Continental Rim
Volcanoes of Alpine-Indonesian Mountain belt
Volcanoes of East AfricanArabian Belt
Volcanoes of Rifts and Mountains of Eurasia
Influence of Volcanic Eruptions on Humans
Influence of Volcanism on Vegetation, Soil, and Groundwaters
Definition and Fundamental Mechanism of Debris Flows
Characteristics of Stony Debris Flow and Modeling as a Dilatant Fluid
Characteristics of Turbulent Mudflow
Unified Modeling of the Inertial Debris Flows
Characteristics of Viscous Debris Flow and Modeling as a Newtonian Fluid Flow
Definition of Pyroclastic Flow
Characteristics of Pyroclastic Flows Observed at Mt. Fugen, Unzen Volcano, Japan
A Mechanical Model for a Merapi-Type Pyroclastic Flow
Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the Merapi-Type Pyroclastic Flow at Unzen Volcano
Patterns of fire: A global zonation of fire
Vulnerable ecosystems: Wildfires in tropical rain forests
Woodland fires in the seasonal tropics: Benefits versus destructiveness
Burning of agricultural residues, control of bush and weeds on grazing and croplands
Fire in the temperate zone of Europe and North America
The boreal coniferous zone of Eurasia and North America
Spaceborne systems for detection and monitoring of fires
Fires at the wildland/residential interface: Increasing disaster risks
Impact of fire-generated smoke on human health and safety
Introduction: the amount of biological diversity
Biodiversity loss: the great extinction spasm
Causes of biodiversity loss: the evil quartet
Conservation biology: the science of scarcity
Evaluating the status of a species: extinct until proven extant
What is to be done? Conservation options
History of Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Areas
Putting a Financial Value on Conservation
History of the Conservation Movement
Categorization and Denomination of Protected Areas
Endemic Species and Ecological Islands
Before Biodiversity Management: A Short Historical Background
Forest Habitats and Biodiversity
The Rain Forests of Southern Nigeria: A Case Study
Managing Well-Known Forest Sites
Beyond the Forest Biodiversity Crisis: The Influence of Humankind in Forests
Importance and Potential of Natural Regeneration
Management and Problems of the African Savannahs
Savannah and Grazing, and the Problem of Seasonal Fires
Grasslands in the Temperate Zone: Distribution and History
Characteristics of Old Temperate Grassland Ecosystems
Present and Future Policy to Manage Old Temperate Grasslands
African Savannas: The Introduction
Origin and Conservation of Savannas
The Impoverishment of Pastures
Management of Conservation Areas as Ecological Baseline Controls
The Effect of Creating Additional Water Supplies
Burning Strategy for a Semiarid Savanna
Baobabs and elephants management (Barnes, Barnes & Kapela, 1994)
The History of Seasonally Flooded Grassland
Why are Seasonally Flooded Grasslands a Target for Biodiversity and Nature Protection?
What is the Right Way for Grassland Conservation?
Different Ways of Management—-New Management Strategies as an Activity for Nature Conservation
A Brief History of Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Management of Wetlands
Wetlands: Definition and Classification
Ecological Functions of Wetlands
Productivity and Biodiversity of Wetlands
Fishing and Biodiversity: An Additional Source of "Selection"
Repopulation Strategies: Applications of Artificial Insemination
Introduction of Allochthonous Species
Management of Fish Populations and Fisheries
Introduction—Rice: The Globally Dominant Crop in Inland Wetlands
Tourism and the processes of globalisation
Free time as producer of individual experiences and culture
Killing of wild animals to remove obstacles for possible alternative land developments
The illegal taking or destroying of marine animals
Killing of wild animals to protect crops or properties
Rare Coastal and Riparian Phytocoenosis
Development of Tourist Resorts along the Northern Tyrrhenian–Ligurian Coast
Trends in Tourist Demand, Civil Society, and Nature Protection Policy
Selecting Species for Conservation Strategies
Conservation by Sustainable Use of Wild Animals and Plants
Uncertainty, Risk of Failure, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
Progress in Species Action Plans since the Rio Earth Summit
Case Study: Species Action Plan for white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes)
Case Study: Progress with species Action Plan for white-clawed crayfish
Different Types of Translocation
National, International, and Scientific Implications of Translocations
Wide-Scale Reclamation of Wetlands
Introduction and Translocation Issues
Comparative History of Introduced Terrestrial Animals in Western Australia
Status of Introduced and Translocated Aquatic Organisms in Western Australia
Translocation Issues and Concerns within Western Australia
Future Considerations for Translocation in Western Australia
Conservation and Management of Living Natural Resources
Captive breeding of mammals. The domestic species.
Captive breeding of non-domestic species as a conservation strategy.
Captive breeding of threatened species
Captive breeding of threatened micromammals
Typologies and Aims of Captive Breeding in Birds
A History of Introductions: Australia and New Zealand
Towards a Management of Biological Invasions: The Rise of a New Discipline
When is an Organism "Dangerous"?
A Gradient of Interventions to Manage Invasive Species
Failures and Successes: Four Case Studies
The Future: An Integrated Action between Scientists and Managers
Negative Aspects of Alien Herbivore Presence
Vector Management: An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure
State of Biodiversity in West Africa
Threat to Biodiversity in West Africa
Conservation and Management of Biodiversity in Ghana
State of Biodiversity in Ghana
Management of Biodiversity in Ghana
Challenges of Biodiversity Conservation and Management in Ghana
Actions Required for Conservation and Management of Biodiversity in Ghana
Protected Areas and Nature Reserves in West Africa
Management of Protected Areas and Nature Reserves in West Africa
Conservation and Management of Protected Areas: Case Studies in West Africa
Challenges Facing the Management of Protected Areas in West Africa
Recommendations for Improving Management of Protected Areas in West Africa
An overview of invertebrate and vertebrate diversity in East Africa
Status of Endangered Vertebrates and Conservation of and Management of Terrestrial Mammals
Captive Breeding and Reintrodcution
Strategies and Targets in Biodiversity Conservation
Anthropogenic impacts on wildlife
Effects of pollution and wildlife toxicology
Wildlife monitoring, GIS and information storage
Objectives, Premise and Scope of the Paper
Legal Framework for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in Tanzania
