Encyclopedia Of Control Systems, Robotics, and Automation - Table of Contents

CONTROL SYSTEMS, ROBOTICS, AND AUTOMATION

Feedforward and Feedback Control

Analysis and Design of Feedback Control Systems

Higher-Level Control Systems

Applications

History

Outlook on Some Trends in Future Research and Developments

Introduction

Conclusions

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

Systems, Processes and Models

Simulation

Classification of Systems and Models

Modeling

A Short History of Simulation

SOME BASICS IN MODELING OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS

System Variables and System Elements

Kirchhoff Networks

Port-Hamiltonian Systems

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS

Modeling of distributed parameter systems

Simulation of distributed parameter systems

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF LARGE-SCALE HYBRID SYSTEMS

General Concepts

System Representations and Software Tools

Object-oriented Modeling of Physical Systems

Integration of Complex Discrete Event and Object-Oriented Models

Ongoing Research and Future Challenges

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING BOND GRAPHS

Early history

Modeling and simulation of dynamic behavior of physical systems

Key aspects of the port-based approach

Bond Graph Notation

Port-based modeling and simulation of dynamic behavior of physical systems in terms of bond graphs: a simple example

Future trends

RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR MODEL, AND CONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION

Definition of Rapid Prototyping

Goals

General solution

Simulation acceleration

Conclusions

MODELING LANGUAGES FOR CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE SYSTEMS

Aims of Modeling Languages

Historical background

A Modeling Approach

Modeling Languages

A comparison of VHDL-AMS and Modelica

Conclusions

SIMULATION SOFTWARE - DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS

Continuous Roots of Simulation

CSSL Structure in Continuous Simulation

Numerical Algorithms in Simulation Systems

Simulation Software and CACSD Tools

Analysis Methods in Simulation Systems

Implicit Models -Algebraic Loops -Differential-Algebraic Equations

Discrete Elements in Continuous Modeling and Simulation

Hybrid modeling and simulation - Combined Modeling and Simulation

Simulation in Specific Domains

Developments beyond CSSL

Discrete Event Simulation

Object-oriented Approaches to Modeling and Simulation

Choice and Comparison of Simulation Software

Conclusion

IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAR SYSTEMS IN TIME DOMAIN

What Is System Identification?

The Setup

Identification Methods

Recursive Identification Algorithms

Identification for Control

Continuous-Time Identification

LEAST SQUARES AND INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE METHODS

Models as predictors

Estimating the model parameters

Stochastic analysis

Instrumental variable method

Computing the estimate

Multivariable systems

Optimal weighted LS estimator

PREDICTION ERROR METHODS

Description

Properties

SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION METHODS

Notation

Geometric Tools

Deterministic subspace identification

Stochastic subspace identification

Combined deterministic-stochastic subspace identification algorithm

Comments and perspectives

Software

Introduction

RECURSIVE ALGORITHMS

Recursive Algorithm for Constant Coefficients

Convergence of Estimates

Time-Varying Systems

Concluding Remarks

IDENTIFICATION FOR CONTROL

Identification of approximate models

Identification from closed-loop data

Iterative Identification and Control

Extensions

Introduction

Conclusions

CONTINUOUS-TIME IDENTIFICATION

A model transformation

Noise Modeling

Parameter Estimation

Statistical Consistency and Convergence

IDENTIFIABILITY OF LINEAR CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS

Identifiability Concepts

Identifiability Conditions for Closed-Loop Systems -A Short Overview

Complete and Partial I/O-Identifiability of Multivariable Closed-Loop Systems

Conclusions

RELATIONS BETWEEN TIME DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN PREDICTION ERROR METHODS

Prediction error methods

Discussion

Numerical example

Conclusions

Introduction

IDENTIFICATION OF TIME VARYING SYSTEMS

Simple Limited Memory Algorithms

Modeling the Parameter Variations: The Dynamic Transfer Function (DTF) Model

Illustrative Examples

Conclusions

IDENTIFICATION OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

Parametric Models

Nonparametric Models

Semi-Parametric Models

Specific Nonlinear Models

Signal Dependent Parameter Models

Identification Methods

Critical Valuation of the Most Important Nonlinear Models

Conclusions

NONPARAMETRIC SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

Representation of Nonlinear Systems

Identification of Wiener Kernels

Identification of Volterra Kernels

Frequency Domain Approach

IDENTIFICATION OF BLOCK-ORIENTED MODELS

The building blocks

Hammerstein models

Wiener models

Other feedforward structures

Qualitative behavior of feedforward structures.

Feedback block-oriented structures

Practical issues in model building

Concluding Remarks

IDENTIFICATION OF NARMAX AND RELATED MODELS

System Identification

Nonlinear Models vs. Linear Models

The NARMAX model

Practical Implementations of the NARMAX model

The NARMAX Method

Mapping the NARMAX Model in the Frequency Domain

A Practical Example

Conclusions

SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION USING NEURAL NETWORKS

Artificial Neural Networks

System Identification using Artificial Neural Networks

SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION USING FUZZY MODELS

Nonlinear Dynamic Models for System Identification

Fuzzy Models

Identification of Fuzzy Models

Illustrative Example

Conclusions

SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION USING WAVELETS

Wavelets - A Brief Overview

System Identification

System Identification using Wavelets

Conclusions

PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The Hartley Transformation

The Hartley Modulating Functions

Formulation of the parameter estimation equation

Computational Issues

Illustrative Examples

Application to an Inverted Pendulum Model

Conclusions

PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR NONLINEAR CONTINUOUS-TIME STATE-SPACE MODELS FROM SAMPLED DATA

Mathematical Preliminaries

The Prediction-Error Approach to Parameter Estimation

State-Space Models and State Estimation

Parameter Estimation for State-Space Models

Conclusion

IDENTIFICATION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN

Linear System Identification

Nonlinear System Identification

Conclusions for Nonlinear System Identification

PARAMETRIC IDENTIFICATION USING SLIDING MODES

State Identification

Parameter Identification

State and parameter identification

Simulations results

Conclusion

CONTROL OF LINEAR MULTIVARIABLE SYSTEMS

Linear Multivariable Systems

Control System Example

DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION IN MIMO DESIGN

Models

Control Systems Design

Translating SISO concepts into MIMO world

Frequency Domain Design techniques

Time Domain Design Approaches

Non-standard MIMO Problems

CANONICAL FORMS FOR STATE SPACE DESCRIPTIONS

State - Space Representations, Matrix Pencils, and State - Space Transformations

Matrix Pencils and Kronecker Form

Canonical Form under Similarity: Autonomous Descriptions with no outputs

Kronecker Form under the Full State Space Transformation Group

Brunovsky Canonical Forms under Coordinate and Feedback Transformations

Canonical Forms under Coordinate Transformations

Conclusions

MULTIVARIABLE POLES AND ZEROS

System Representations and Classification

Background on Polynomial matrices and Matrix Pencils

Finite Poles and Zeros of State Space Models: Dynamics and their Geometry

Finite Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function Models

Infinite Poles and Zeros

Algebraic Function Characterization of Poles and Zeros

Zero Structure Formation in Systems Design

FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENTATION AND SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION

Preliminaries

External and internal representations of linear systems

Time and frequency domain interpretation of various norms

POLYNOMIAL AND MATRIX FRACTION DESCRIPTION

Scalar Systems

Multivariable Systems

Conclusion

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS: STABILITY, CONTROLLABILITY, OBSERVABILITY

Mathematical model

Stability

Controllability

Observability

Conclusions

MODEL REDUCTION

What is Model Reduction?

Linear System Properties

Model Reduction by Truncation

Model Reduction by Optimization

A Glimpse on the Multi-Component Model Reduction Problem

Tutorial Examples

FULL-ORDER STATE OBSERVERS

Linear Observers

The Separation Principle

Nonlinear Observers

REDUCED-ORDER STATE OBSERVERS

Linear, Reduced-Order Observers

Nonlinear Reduced-Order Observers

KALMAN FILTERS

White Noise

Linear Estimation

The Linear Optimal Estimator in Discrete Time (Kalman Filter)

The Continuous-Time Optimal Estimator (Kalman-Bucy Filter)

Nonlinear Estimation

Implementation Methods

Present and Future Applications of the Kalman Filter

POLE PLACEMENT CONTROL

Separation of state observation and state feedback

The single-input case

The multi-input case

EIGENSTRUCTURE ASSIGNMENT FOR CONTROL

Definition of Eigenstructure Assignment

Role of the System Eigenstructure

Freedom for Eigenstructure Assignment

Allowable Eigenvector Subspaces

Calculation of Controller Matrices

Assignment of Desired Eigenvectors

Compromise between Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Parametric Eigenstructure Assignment

Multiobjective Robust Eigenstructure Assignment

Various Eigenstructure Assignment Techniques

OPTIMAL LINEAR QUADRATIC CONTROL

The LQ regulator in continuous time

The steady-state LQ regulator in continuous time

Properties of the steady-state LQ regulator in continuous time

The LQ regulator in discrete time

Numerical methods

PONTRYAGIN'S MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE

An Example

The problem of Optimal Control

A More Rigorous Formulation of the Problem

The Maximum Principle

A Discussion

The Time-Optimal Control Problem

Time-Optimal Control for Linear Systems

Other Performance Indices

Interpretations and generalizations of the Maximum Principle

DECOUPLING CONTROL

Control of a Heat Exchanger

Dynamic Decoupling

Static decoupling

Process Control Decoupling Design

Other Topics

Introduction

CONTROLLER DESIGN USING POLYNOMIAL MATRIX DESCRIPTION

Polynomial Approach To Three Classical Control Problems

Numerical Methods for Polynomial Matrices

Conclusion

DESIGN TECHNIQUES IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN

Frequency Responses and Stability

Basic Design

A Design Example for an Unstable Chemical Reactor

DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR TIME-VARYING SYSTEMS

Model Descriptions

Stabilization Techniques

Causal information controllers

SERVO CONTROL DESIGN

Classical Servo Control Design

Modern Servo Control Design

Conclusions

ROBUST CONTROL

Feedback and Robustness

Robustness and Integral Control

A Short History of Control Theory and Robust Control

Robustness of Control Systems

Feedback Stabilization of Linear Systems

Uncertainty Models and Robustness

H Optimal Control

µ Theory

Quantitative Feedback Theory

Concluding Remarks

UNCERTAINTY MODELS FOR ROBUSTNESS ANALYSIS

Notation and definitions

Uncertainty representation and robustness problems

Unstructured uncertainty models

Structured uncertainty models

Highly structured (parametric) uncertainty models

State space uncertainty models

Conclusions

ROBUSTNESS UNDER REAL PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY

Notations and Preliminaries

Real Parameter Stability Margin

Extremal Results in Parametric Robust Control Theory

Frequency Domain Analysis of Uncertain Systems

Robust Classical Controller Design

H-OPTIMAL CONTROL

The Minimum Sensitivity Problem

Robustness and the Sensitivity Functions

The Mixed Sensitivity Problem

The Standard Problem and its Solutions

Application to Robust Control System Design

L1 ROBUST CONTROL

The l1 Norm

Robustness To Signal Uncertainty: The l1 Norm Minimization Problem

Robustness to Unmodeled Dynamics

MU-SYNTHESIS

Control Design via D - K Iteration

Control Design Using Fixed-Order Scalings

Conclusion

CONTROLLER DESIGN USING LINEAR MATRIX INEQUALITIES

Design Specifications and Linear Matrix Inequalities

Controller Design Using Linear Matrix Inequalities

Illustrative Design Example: Robust Control of a Power System Stabilizer

Conclusion

ROBUST CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS: A CONTROL LYAPUNOV FUNCTION APPROACH

Robust Control Lyapunov Function (RCLF)

Disturbance attenuation

Construction of RCLFs by Backstepping

Cost-to-Come Function for Output Feedback

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE QUANTITATIVE FEEDBACK THEORY TECHNIQUE

The MISO Analog Control Systems

The MISO Discrete Control System

MIMO Systems

MIMO QFT With External (Input) Disturbance(s)

QFT Application

Introduction

ADAPTIVE CONTROL

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Historical Background

Stable Adaptive Systems

Lyapunov Theory Based Design

Identification and Adaptive Control of Higher Order Systems

Adaptive Observers

The Adaptive Control Problem (Relative Degree n*=1)

The Adaptive Control Problem (Relative Degree n* =2)

Persistent Excitation

Robust Adaptive Control

Hybrid Adaptive Control

Relaxation of Assumptions

Multivariable Adaptive Control

Nonlinear Adaptive Control

Recent Contributions

RELAY AUTOTUNING OF PID CONTROLLERS

Relay Autotuning

Analysis of Relay Autotuning using the DF method

Controller Design Based on the Critical Point

Further Considerations

Conclusions

SELF-TUNING CONTROL

Categorization of Self-Tuning Controllers.

Implicit generalized minimum variance control

Practical issues

Examples

Future prospects

MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL

Dynamic Models

Model Reference Adaptive Control

Parameter Identification

ADAPTIVE PREDICTIVE CONTROL

System models and long-range prediction

The GPC control law

Robustness analysis

Self-tuning aspects

Conclusions

STOCHASTIC ADAPTIVE CONTROL

Adaptive Control of Markov Chains

Adaptive Control of ARMAX models

Adaptive Control of Continuous Time Linear Stochastic Systems

Some Generalizations of Adaptive Control

Conclusions

ADAPTIVE DUAL CONTROL

Stochastic Adaptive Control

Optimal Dual Controllers

Suboptimal Dual Controllers

When To Use Dual Control?

ADAPTIVE NONLINEAR CONTROL

Backstepping

Tuning Functions Design: Examples

General Recursive Design: Procedure

Modular Design

Conclusions

CONTROL OF INTERMITTENT PROCESSES

Definitions, physical and mathematical models

Repetitive and iterative learning control schemes

Designing ILC for real world applications

Robustness issues and focus of research

Industrial application examples

Conclusion

CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

Stability

Sensitivity Analysis and Asymptotic Methods

Linearization and Gain Scheduling

Nonlinear Geometric Methods

Feedback Linearization

Robust Control

Nonlinear Design

Output Feedback Control

Nonlinear Output Regulation

Further Reading

ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS

Fundamental Properties

Sensitivity Analysis

The Small-gain Theorem

Passivity Theorems

Averaging

Singular Perturbations

Further Reading

LIE BRACKET

Basics of Manifolds and Bundles

Lie Derivatives and the Lie Bracket

Distributions and the Theorem of Frobenius

A Short Example

Concluding Remarks

DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRIC APPROACH AND APPLICATION OF COMPUTER ALGEBRA

Remarks on Symbolic Computation

Some Mathematical Facts

Equivalence Problems

Some Applications

Concluding Remarks

VOLTERRA AND FLIESS SERIES EXPANSION

Functional representation of nonlinear systems

Recursive computation of the kernels.

Computation of the response to typical inputs

LYAPUNOV STABILITY

Autonomous Systems

The Invariance Principle

Linear Systems

Linearization

Non-autonomous Systems

Further Reading

INPUT-OUTPUT STABILITY

Signals and Norms

Systems and Gains

The Circle Theorem

Passivity

Interconnected Systems, Graphs and Robustness

Conclusions and Further Developments

CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

Preliminaries

Controllability and accessibility

Observability

DESIGN FOR NONLINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS

State-feedback design for global stability

State-feedback design for robust global stability

Semiglobal and practical stabilization

Output-feedback design

Conclusions

FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

The problem of feedback linearization

Normal forms of single-input single-output systems

Conditions for exact linearization via feedback

NONLINEAR OUTPUT REGULATION

The problem of output regulation

Output regulation in the case of full information

Output regulation in the case of error feedback

Structurally stable regulation

NONLINEAR ZERO DYNAMICS IN CONTROL SYSTEMS

Nonlinear Control System Paradigms

Zero Dynamics in Control Systems

Nonminimum Phase Control Systems: Difficulties and Partial Solutions

Conclusion

FLATNESS BASED DESIGN

Equivalence and flatness

Feedback design with equivalence

Checking flatness: an overview

Concluding Remarks

LYAPUNOV DESIGN

Control Lyapunov Function

Lyapunov Design via Lyapunov Equation

Lyapunov Design for Matched and Unmatched Uncertainties

Property-based Lyapunov Design

Design Flexibilities and Considerations

Conclusions

Introduction

SLIDING MODE CONTROL

Concept “Sliding Mode”

Sliding Mode Equations

Existence Conditions

Design Principles

Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Control

Chattering Problem

Induction Motor Control

Conclusion

NONLINEAR OBSERVERS

Observability

Construction of Observers by Linear Approximation

Construction of Observers by Error Linearization

High Gain Observers

Nonlinear Filtering

Minimum Energy and H8 Estimation

Multiple Extended Kalman Filters

Conclusion

STATE RECONSTRUCTION IN NONLINEAR STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS BY EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER

The continuous-time extended Kalman filter

The discrete-time extended Kalman filter

PASSIVITY BASED CONTROL

Passivity: mathematically speaking

Stability of passive systems

PBC of Euler-Lagrange systems

Epilogue

EXPERT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Expert Control

Expert systems approach to control system development

Uncertainty management in expert control

Supervisory expert control

A virtual expert system architecture for process control

More on supervisory expert control

An example of supervisory expert control

Outline of Topic D on expert control systems

Conclusion

EXPERT CONTROL SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION WITH CASE STUDIES

Expert control architecture

Knowledge representation in expert control

Knowledge acquisition in expert control

Reasoning in expert control

Real time expert systems

Expert systems in computer-aided control systems design

Anticipatory expert control

Case studies

Concluding Remarks

KNOWLEDGE-BASED AND LEARNING CONTROL SYSTEMS

General Concepts of Knowledge-Based and Learning Control Systems

Specific Features of the Knowledge-Based Control Systems

Relational and Logical Knowledge Representation

Statements and Solutions of Control Problems

Learning Processes in Knowledge-Based Control Systems

Descriptions of Initial Uncertainty

Related Problems

FUZZY EXPERT CONTROL SYSTEMS: KNOWLEDGE BASE VALIDATION

Integrated Control Systems

Fuzzy Expert Control System Methodology

Knowledge in Fuzzy Expert Control Systems

Main Design Issues

Objectives of Knowledge Validation for Control

Inference

Validation of Fuzzy Expert Controllers

Uncertain Models

Conclusions and Perspectives

BLACKBOARD ARCHITECTURE FOR INTELLIGENT CONTROL

Characteristics for Intelligent Control

Blackboard Architecture

Development of Blackboard Systems

The Structure of a Blackboard System

A Framework for Intelligent Control

Future Trends and Perspectives

SUPERVISORY DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS

System and Component Structure

General System Services

Conclusions

FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL

Fault Diagnosis: Basic Definitions and Concepts

Model-free Approaches to Fault Diagnosis

Principles of Model-based Fault Diagnosis

Analytical Methods of Model-based Residual Generation

Knowledge-based Approaches to Model-based Residual Generation

Residual Evaluation

Historical Review of Fault Diagnosis Approaches

Fault-tolerant control

Determining appropriate reactions to faults

Analysis based on system structure

Fault-tolerant control based on Diagnosis

Conclusion

FAULT DIAGNOSIS FOR LINEAR SYSTEMS

Model of the system, faults and uncertainties

Methods of residual generation

Parity space approach to residual generation

Observer-based residual generation

Fault analysis using parameter estimation

Residual evaluation

Conclusion and Perspectives

FAULT DIAGNOSIS FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

Model Classes

Residual Generator Design

Fuzzy Model Based Fault Detection for Nonlinear Systems

Conclusion

DESIGN METHODS FOR ROBUST FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Model-based methods for FDI

Observer-based residual generation

The need for robustness in FDI

Robust FDI design using unknown input observers

Robust FDI design using eigenstructure assignment

Robust FDI design using H8 optimization

Concluding Remarks

QUALITATIVE METHODS FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Basic properties of qualitative models

The diagnostic principle

Logic-based fault diagnosis

Diagnosis of discrete-event systems

Outlook

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR CHANGE DETECTION

Foundations-Detection

Foundations-Isolation

Case Studies-Vibrations

Introduction

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Methods

Application Examples

Future Aspects

Introduction and Overview

OFF-LINE METHODS FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND INSPECTION

Parameter Estimation

Pattern Recognition for Fault Diagnosis

EXPERIENCE WITH KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS FOR MAINTENANCE DIAGNOSIS

Development Steps in Methodology

Basic Characteristics of Early Fault Detection Methods

Condition Monitoring for Improved Maintenance in Nuclear Power Plants

Condition Monitoring for Improved Maintenance in Other Industries

Conclusions

FAULT TOLERANT SYSTEMS

Control and Fault Tolerant Control

Model Matching and the Pseudo-inverse Method

Optimal Control: the LQ problem

System reconfiguration and Structural Properties

Example

Conclusion

FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL USING LMI DESIGN

Active Fault-Tolerant control Systems Design Using LMI Design

Fault Diagnostic Observer Design Using LMI Design for Uncertain Systems

Conclusion

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR FAULT DETECTION AND ISOLATION AND FOR FAULT TOLERANT CONTROL

Structural model

Matching on a bipartite graph

Causal interpretation

System Decomposition

Observability

Monitorability

Fault tolerant estimation

Controllability

A simple example

Conclusion

FAULT ACCOMODATION USING MODEL PREDICTIVE METHODS

The Fault Accommodation Problem

Failure Modeling

Failure Accommodation

Introduction

Conclusions

CONTROL RECONFIGURATION

Example

State of the Art

Reconfigurability Analysis

Reconfiguration Based on a Qualitative Model

Reconfiguration Based on Model-matching

Observer-based Control Reconfiguration

Reconfigurable Model-predictive Control

Outlook

ADAPTIVE AND NEURAL APPROACHES TO FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL

An Adaptive Approach to Actuator Fault Tolerant Control

A Neural Network Approach to Sensor Fault Tolerant Control

A Neuro-Adaptive Approach to Process Fault Tolerant Control

Conclusions

AUTOMATION AND CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

General

Unit Control

Stability and Voltage Regulation of Multi-machine Systems

System control

Sequence Control - Startup and Shutdown

CONTROL OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

Voltage Control of Individual Synchronous Generators

Voltage Control with Electronic Power Converters

Excitation with Auxiliary Generators

Compounding

Indirect Generator Control

GAS TURBINES

Power Plant Setups

Gas Turbine Components

The Ideal Gas Turbine Cycle

Gas Turbine Control

Turbine Control System

AUTOMATION AND CONTROL OF ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: STEAM TURBINES

Functional Specifications

Turbine Controller Design

Future Developments

AUTOMATIC CONTROL FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Safety Systems for Hydropower Units

Standard Control Algorithms

Implementation issues

Advanced Control Features

Outlook: Driving Forces for Further Development

ELECTRICAL NETWORK CONTROL

Power system engineering

Evolution of electrical network control technology

System engineering aspects

Typical control center functions

COMBINED CYCLE AND COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PROCESSES

Elements of Combined Cycle / Combined Heat and Power Processes

Typical CC/CHP Configurations

Operation of CC/CHP Plants

Automatic Control in CC/CHP Plants

Control Philosophy in Future Combined Cycle Power Plants

Conclusions

Introduction

CONTROL OF LARGE NUCLEAR REACTORS BY STATE AND OUTPUT FEEDBACK TECHNIQUES

On certain Preliminaries on Nuclear Reactor

Modeling of Nuclear Reactors

Control of Nuclear Reactor

Application to a large Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Conclusion

AUTOMATION AND CONTROL IN TRAFFIC SYSTEMS

General Aspects of Automation and Control of Traffic Systems

Global Infrastructure for the Automation of Traffic Systems

Onboard Means for the Automation of Traffic Systems

Machine Vision for Flexible Automation of Traffic Systems

Conclusions

AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS

Potential of Alternate Fuels and Propulsion Systems

Basic Engine Operation

Lambda Control

Idle Speed Control

Knock Control in SI Engines

Vehicle Modeling

ABS Control Systems

Yaw Dynamic Control

INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF ROAD VEHICLES FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING: PATH ARCHITECTURE FOR AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS AND LATERAL GUIDANCE

AHS Architecture

Vehicle Models for Lateral Control

Road Reference System

Lateral Controllers for AHS

Modeling and Lateral Control of Heavy Duty Vehicles

Concluding Remarks

SHIP STEERING

Modeling

Automatic Steering

Review of the Different Controller Strategies for Different Classes of Ships

Introduction

Conclusions, Future Developments, and Further Reading

CONTROL FOR RAILWAY VEHICLES

Overview of Railway Vehicle, Vehicle Models and Track Inputs

Traction and Braking Control Systems

Pantograph Control

Suspension and Guidance

Conclusion and Trends

TRAIN AND RAILWAY OPERATIONS CONTROL

Control system overview

Single train control

Multiple train control and protection on a single track

Multiple train on multiple track (Network control)

AEROSPACE

Control of Aeronautical Vehicles

Aircraft Flight Control Systems

The Principles of Flight Control

Primary Flying Controls

AFCS Modes

Fly-by-Wire and "Fly-by-Light" Systems

Flight Control Functions

Future Flight Control Systems

Conclusions